Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T14:11:29.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Morphological Structures of Planetary Nebulae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2013

Sun Kwok
Sun Kwok
Affiliation:
Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Email: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Since various structural components of planetary nebulae (PN) manifest themselves differently, a combination of optical, infrared, submillimetre and radio techniques is needed to derive a complete picture of planetary nebulae. The effects of projection can also make derivation of the true 3-D structure difficult. Using a number of examples, we show that bipolar and multipolar nebulae are much more common than usually inferred from morphological classifications of apparent structures of planetary nebulae. We put forward a new hypothesis that the bipolar and multipolar lobes of PN are not regions of high-density ejected matter, but the result of ionization and illumination. The visible bright regions are in fact volumes of low density (cleared by high-velocity outflows), through which UV photons are being channelled. We suggest that multipolar nebulae with similar lobe sizes are not caused by simultaneous ejection of matter in several directions, but by leakage of UV photons in those directions.

Keywords

planetary nebulae: generalstars: AGB and post-AGBstars: mass loss
Type
Research Article
Information
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 2010 , pp. 174 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of Australia 2010

References

Aaquist, O. B. & Kwok, S., 1996, ApJ, 462, 813CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balick, B., 1987, AJ, 94, 671CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balick, B., Alexander, J., Hajian, A. R., Terzian, Y., Perinotto, M. & Patriarchi, P., 1998, AJ, 116, 360Google Scholar
Bryce, M., Balick, B. & Meaburn, J., 1994, MNRAS, 266, 721CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corradi, R. L. M., 2003, ASPC, 303, 393Google Scholar
Corradi, R. L. M. & Schwarz, H. E., 1995, A&A, 293, 871Google Scholar
Curtis, H. D., 1918, PLicO, 13, 57Google Scholar
Dinh-V-Trung, , Bujarrabal, V., Castro-Carrizo, A., Lim, J. & Kwok, S., 2008, ApJ, 673, 934Google Scholar
Drew, J. E. et al. , 2005, MNRAS, 362, 753Google Scholar
Graham, J. F., Serabyn, E., Herbst, T. M., Matthews, K., Neuge-bauer, G., Soifer, B. T., Wilson, T. D. & Beckwith, S., 1993, AJ, 105, 250Google Scholar
Hua, C. T., 1997, A&AS, 125, 355Google Scholar
Hua, C. T., Dopita, M. A. & Martinis, J., 1998, A&AS, 133, 361Google Scholar
Huggins, P. J., 2007, ApJ, 663, 342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khromov, G. S. & Kohoutek, L., 1968, IAUS, 34, 227Google Scholar
Kohoutek, L., 1994, AN, 315, 63Google Scholar
Kwok, S., 2000, The Origin and Evolution of Planetary Nebulae (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwok, S., 2003, ASPC, 303, 428Google Scholar
Kwok, S., 2004, ASPC, 313, 580Google Scholar
Kwok, S. & Su, K.Y. L., 2005, ApJ, 635, L52Google Scholar
Kwok, S., Chong, S.-N., Koning, N., Hua, T. & Yan, C.-H., 2008, ApJ, 689, 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latter, W. B., Dayal, A., Bieging, J. H., Meakin, C., Hora, J. L., Kelly, D. M. & Tielens, A. G. G. M., 2000, ApJ, 539, 783Google Scholar
López, J. A., Meaburn, J., Bryce, M. & Holloway, A. J., 1998, ApJ, 493, 803CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manchado, A., 2004, ASPC, 313, 3Google Scholar
Manchado, A., Guerrero, M.A., Stanghellini, L. & Serra-Ricart, M., 1996a, The IAC Morphological Catalog of Northern Galactic Planetary Nebulae (Tenerife: IAC)Google Scholar
Manchado, A., Stanghellini, L. & Guerrero, M. A., 1996, ApJ, 466, L95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mampaso, A. et al. , 2006, A&A, 458, 203Google Scholar
Meaburn, J., Boumis, P., López, J. A., Harman, D. J., Bryce, M., Redman, M. P. & Mavromatakis, F., 2005a, MNRAS, 360, 963Google Scholar
Meaburn, J., López, J. A., Steffen, W., Graham, M. F. & Holloway, A. J., 2005b, AJ, 130, 2303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miszalski, B. et al. , 2008, MNRAS, 384, 525Google Scholar
Monteiro, H., Morisset, C., Gruenwald, R. & Viegas, S. M., 2000, ApJ, 537, 853Google Scholar
Nakashima, J. et al. , 2007, AJ, 134, 2035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Dell, C. R., Blaick, B., Hajian, A. R., Henney, W. J. & Burkert, A., 2002, AJ, 123, 3329Google Scholar
Paczyński, B. & Rudak, B., 1980, A&A, 82, 349Google Scholar
Parker, Q. et al. , 2005, MNRAS, 362, 689Google Scholar
Parker, Q. et al. , 2006, MNRAS, 373, 79Google Scholar
Perinotto, M., Schönberner, D., Steffen, M. & Calonaci, C., 2004, A&A, 414, 993Google Scholar
Peretto, N., Fuller, G. A., Zijlstra, A. A. & Patel, N. A., 2007, A&A, 473, 207Google Scholar
Sabbadin, F., Turatto, M., Cappellaro, E., Benetti, S. & Ragazzoni, R., 2004, A&A, 416, 955Google Scholar
Sahai, R., 2000, ApJ, 537, L43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahai, R. et al. , 1999, AJ, 118, 468Google Scholar
Santander-Garcia, M., Corradi, R. L. M., Balick, B. & Mampaso, A., 2004, A&A, 426, 185Google Scholar
Schönberner, D., Jacob, R., Steffen, M., Perinotto, M., Corradi, R. L. M. & Acker, A., 2005, A&A, 431, 963Google Scholar
Stanghellini, L., Corradi, R. L. M. & Schwarz, H. E., 1993, A&AS, 279, 521Google Scholar
Steffen, W. & López, J. A., 2006, RMxAA, 42, 99Google Scholar
Steffen, M. & Schönberner, D., 2006, IAUS, 234, 285Google Scholar
Su, K.Y. L. et al. , 2004, ApJS, 154, 302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M.-Y., Hasegawa, T. I. & Kwok, S., 2008, ApJ, 673, 264Google Scholar
Volk, K., Kwok, S. & Hrivnak, B. J., 2007, ApJ, 670, 1137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volk, K., Hrivnak, B. J., Su, K. Y. L. & Kwok, S., 2006, ApJ, 651, 204Google Scholar
Webbink, R. F., 1988, in The Symbiotic Phenomenon, Eds. Mikolajewska, J., Friedjung, M., Kenyon, S. J. & Viotti, R. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 311Google Scholar