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Metallurgy Beyond Iron

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

Isabella Gallino  and
Ralf Busch
Isabella Gallino*
Affiliation:
Saarland University, Chair for Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
Ralf Busch
Affiliation:
Saarland University, Chair for Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
*
DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Metallurgy is one of the oldest sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of Gold, and each new discovery — Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, Iron and Mercury — marked the beginning of a new era of civilization. Currently there are 86 known metals, but until the end of the 17th century, only 12 of these were known. Steel (Fe–C alloy) was discovered in the 11th century BCE; however, it took until 1709 CE before we mastered the smelting of pig-iron by using coke instead of charcoal and started the industrial revolution. The metallurgy of nowadays is mainly about discovering better materials with superior properties to fulfil the increasing demand of the global market. Promising are the Glassy Metals or Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) — discovered at first in the late 50s at the California Institute of Technology — which are several times stronger than the best industrial steels and 10-times springier. The unusual structure that lacks crystalline grains makes BMGs so promising. They have a liquid-like structure that means they melt at lower temperatures, can be moulded nearly as easily as plastics, and can be shaped into features just 10 nm across. The best BMG formers are based on Zr, Pd, Pt, Ca, Au and, recently discovered, also Fe. They have typically three to five components with large atomic size mismatch and a composition close to a deep eutectic. Packing in such liquids is very dense, with a low content of free volume, resulting in viscosities that are several orders of magnitude higher than in pure metal melts.

Keywords

metallic glasses
Type
Foreword
Information
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , 2009 , pp. iii - vii
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of Australia 2009

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