Hostname: page-component-669899f699-chc8l Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-24T13:21:10.585Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrient intake over time in a multi-ethnic sample of youth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

Leslie A Lytle ,
John H Himes ,
Henry Feldman ,
Michelle Zive ,
Johanna Dwyer ,
Deanna Hoelscher ,
Larry Webber  and
Minhua Yang
Leslie A Lytle*
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1054, USA
John H Himes
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1054, USA
Henry Feldman
Affiliation:
New England Research Institutes, Inc., 9 Galen Street, Suite 117, Watertown, MA 02172, USA
Michelle Zive
Affiliation:
Division of Community Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
Johanna Dwyer
Affiliation:
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospital, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Deanna Hoelscher
Affiliation:
Center for Health Promotion, Research and Development (CHPRD), University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHSC–Houston), School of Public Health, RAS E-601, PO Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225, USA
Larry Webber
Affiliation:
Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tidewater Building 1440 Canal Street, 20th floor, Room 2011, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
Minhua Yang
Affiliation:
Abt Associates, Inc., 55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Email lytle@epi.umn.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objectives:

The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal data on nutrient intakes of youth with emphases on differences by sex and race/ethnicity. Nutrients selected for examination are those implicated in chronic disease.

Design:

24-hour dietary recalls were collected from a cohort of third, fifth and eighth graders (n=1874).

Setting and subjects:

The sample is drawn from the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health and includes students from California, Louisiana, Minnesota and Texas.

Results:

Across the total sample, nutrient intakes met recommended levels except that total fat, saturated fat and sodium consistently exceeded recommendations and calcium and iron intake of girls consistently fell short of recommended levels. Nutrient consumption between third and eighth grade differed by sex and race/ethnicity for a number of nutrients. In particular, females' intake of energy from total fat, calcium, iron, folic acid, vitamin A and vitamin D decreased over time relative to males' intakes, controlling for overall energy intake. Compared with the other ethnic/racial groups, African-American students increased their intake of energy from total fat and saturated fat over time.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that the diets of youth change over time, and negative trends are more common in females than in males and in African-American and Hispanics compared with Caucasian students. Nutrition education and intervention are needed throughout childhood and adolescence with an emphasis on choosing healthful foods. In addition, greater attention to differential opportunities and reinforcements for females and males, and Caucasian, Hispanic and African-American students is warranted.

Keywords

AdolescentsDietary recommendationsLongitudinal study
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , April 2002 , pp. 319 - 328
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2002

References

1National Research Council, Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.Google Scholar
2Steinmetz, KA, Potter, JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 325–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Menasha, WI: BANTA Book Group, 1997.Google Scholar
4Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR 1997; 47(RR3): 1–25.Google Scholar
5Birch, LL. Development of food preferences. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1999; 19: 41–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Kovisto Hursti, U-K. Factors influencing children's food choice. Ann. Med. 1999; 31(Suppl. 1): 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Kelder, SH, Perry, CL, Klepp, K-I, Lytle, LALongitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. Am. J. Public Health 1994; 84 7, 1121–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Muñoz, KA, Krebs-Smith, SM, Ballard-Barbash, R, Cleveland, LE. Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics 1997; 100(3): 323–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Kennedy, E, Powell, R. Changing eating patterns of American children: a view from 1996 [review article]. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1997; 16(6): 524–9.Google ScholarPubMed
10Kennedy, E, Goldberg, J. What are American children eating? Implications for public policy, 1995. Nutr. Rev. 1995; 53: 111–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Krebs-Smith, SM, Cook, A, Subar, A, Cleveland, L, Friday, J, Kahle, LL. Fruit and vegetable intakes of children and adolescents in the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1996; 150: 81–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Alaimo, K, McDowel, MA, Briefel, RR, Bischof, AM, Laughman, CR, Loria, CM, Johnson, CL. Dietary Intakes of Vitamins, Minerals and Fiber of Persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase I, 1998–1991. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1994.Google Scholar
13Lytle, LA, Stone, EJ, Nichaman, MZ, Perry, CL, Montgomery, DH, Nicklas, TA, Zive, MM, Mitchell, PD, Dwyer, JT, Ebzery, MK, Evans, MA, Galati, TP. Changes in nutrient intakes of elementary school children following a school-based intervention: results from the CATCH study. Prev. Med. 1996; 25: 465–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Freeman, HP. Cancer in the socioeconomically disadvantaged. CA-A Cancer J. Clin. 1989; 39(5): 266–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Winkleby, MA, Jatulis, DE, Frank, E, Fortmann, SP. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Public Health 1992; 82: 816–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Winkleby, MA, Robinson, TN, Sundquist, J, Kraemer, HC. Ethnic variation in cardiovascular disease risk factors among children and young adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. JAMA 1999; 281(11): 1006–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Crawford, PB, Obarzanek, E, Schreiber, GB, Barrier, P, Goldman, S, Frederick, MM, Sabry, ZI. The effects of race, household income, and parental education on nutrient intakes of 9- and 10-year-old girls. AEP 1995; 5(5): 360–8.Google ScholarPubMed
18Johnson, RK, Guthrie, H, Smiciklas-Wright, H, Wang, MQ. Characterizing nutrient intakes of children by sociodemographic factors. Public Health Rep. 1995; 109: 414–20.Google Scholar
19Kirby, SD, Baranowski, T, Reynolds, KD, Taylor, G, Binkley, D. Children's fruit and vegetable intake: socioeconomic, adult–child, regional, and urban–rural influences. J. Nutr. Educ. 1995; 27: 261–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Lytle, LA, Seifert, S, Greenstein, J, McGovern, P. How do children's eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. Am. J. Health Prom. 2000; 14(4): 222–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Luepker, RV, Perry, CL, McKinlay, SM, Nader, PR, Parcel, GS, Stone, EJ, Webber, LS, Elder, JP, Feldman, HA, Johnson, CC, Kelder, SH, Wu, M. Outcomes of a field trial to improve children's dietary patterns and physical activity: the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH). JAMA 1996; 275(10): 768–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Nader, PR, Stone, EJ, Lytle, LA, Perry, CL, Osganian, SK, Kelder, SH, Webber, LS, Elder, JP, Montgomery, DH, Feldman, HA, Wu, M, Johnson, CC, Parcel, GS, Luepker, RV. Three-year maintenance of improved diet and physical activity: the CATCH cohort. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1999; 153: 695–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Zucker, DM, Lakatos, E, Webber, LS, Murray, DM, McKinlay, SM, Feldman, HA, Kelder, SH, Nader, PR. Statistical design of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): implications of cluster randomization. Control Clin. Trials 1995; 16: 96–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Perry, CL, Parcel, GS, Stone, EJ, Nader, PR, McKinlay, SM, Luepker, RV, Webber, LS. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): an overview of intervention design and evaluation methods. Cardiovasc. Risk Factors 1992; 2, 2644Google Scholar
25Osganian, SK, Ebzery, MK, Montgomery, DH, Nicklas, TA, Evans, MA, Mitchell, PD, Lytle, LA, Snyder, MP, Stone, EJ, Zive, MM, Bachman, KH, Rice, R, Parcel, GS. Changes in the nutrient content of school lunches: results from the CATCH Eat Smart Food Services Intervention. Prev. Med. 1996; 25: 400–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26McKenzie, TL, Nader, PR, Strikmiller, PK. School physical education: effect of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Prev. Med. 1996; 25: 423–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Perry, CL, Mullis, R, Maile, M. Modifying eating behavior of children: a pilot intervention study. J. Sch. Health 1985; 55: 399–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Parcel, GS, Simones-Morton, BG, O'Hara, NM, Baranowski, T, Wilson, BS. School promotion of diet and physical activity: impact on learning outcomes and self-reported behavior. Health.Educ. Quart. 1989; 16: 181–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Nicklas, TA, Dwyer, JT, Mitchell, PD, Zive, MM, Montgomery, DH, Lytle, LA, Culter, JA, Evans, MA, Cunningham, A, Bachman, KH, Nichaman, MZ, Snyder, MP. Impact of fat reduction on micronutrient density of children's diets: the CATCH study. Prev. Med. 1996; 25: 478–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Lytle, LA, Nichaman, MZ, Obarzanek, E, Glovsky, E, Montgomery, DH, Nicklas, TA, Zive, MM, Feldman, HA. Validation of 24-hour recalls assisted by food records in third-grade children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1993; 93(12): 1431–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Ebzery, MK, Montgomery, DH, Evans, MA, Lewes, LV, Zive, MM, Reed, DB, Rice, R, Hann, B, Dwyer, JT. School meal data collection and documentation methods in a multisite study. Sch. Food Serv. Res. Rev. 1996; 20: 69–77.Google Scholar
32Blom, G. Statistical Estimates and Transformed Beta Variables. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1958.Google Scholar
33SAS Institute, Inc. SAS Procedures Guide, Version 6, 3rd ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 1990; 493–502.Google Scholar
34Littell, RC, Milliken, GA, Stroup, WW, Wolfinger, RD.SAS System for Mixed Models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 1996.Google Scholar
35Glantz, SA, Slinker, BK. Primer of Applied Regression and Analysis of Variance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990; 302–3.Google Scholar
36National Research Council, Recommended Dietary Allowances Subcommittee, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences. Tenth Edition of the RDAs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.Google Scholar
37US Department of Agriculture. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.Google Scholar
38US Department of Health and Human Services. National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Working group report on the primary prevention of hypertension. Publication No. NIH-NHLBI-93-2669. Bethesda, MD: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1993.Google Scholar
39Institute of Medicine, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.Google Scholar
40Williams, CLImportance of dietary fiber in childhood. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1995; 95: 1140–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Harnack, L, Stang, J, Story, M. Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999; 99(4): 436–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Subar, AF, Krebs-Smith, SM, Cook, A, Kahle, LL. Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989–1991. Pediatrics 1998; 102(4): 913–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Guthrie, JF, Morton, JF. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1998; 100: 43–8, 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Jacobson, MF. Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1998.Google Scholar
45Krieger, N. Analyzing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic patterns in health and health care. Am J. Public Health 1993; 83: 1086–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Kaufman, JS, Cooper, RS, McGee, DL.Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 621–8.Google ScholarPubMed
47Cullen, KW, Baranowski, T, Baranowski, J, Herbert, D, deMoor, C. Behavioral or epidemiologic coding of fruit and vegetable consumption from 24-hour dietary recalls: research question guides choice. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999; 99: 849–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Osganian, SK, Stampfer, MJ, Spiegelman, D, Rimm, E, Cutler, JA, Feldman, HA, Montgomery, DH, Webber, LS, Lytle, LA, Bausserman, L, Nader, PR. Distribution of and factors associated with serum homocysteine levels in US school children: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. JAMA 1999; 281(13): 1189–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Jacobson, MF, Brownell, KD. Small taxes on soft drinks and snack foods to promote health. Am. J. Public Health 2000; 90(6): 854–7.Google ScholarPubMed
50French, SA, Jeffery, RW, Story, M, Hannan, P, Snyder, MP. A pricing strategy to promote low fat snack choices through vending machines. Am. J. Public Health 1997; 87: 849–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong health eating. MMWR 1996; 45(RR–9): 1–33.Google Scholar
52Bogen, JF, Vega-Matos, CA. Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn: A School Health Policy Guide. Part 1: Physical Activity, Health Eating, and Tobacco-Use Prevention. National Association of State Boards of Education, 03 2000.Google Scholar