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Diet, genetic susceptibility and carcinogenesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2007

Paolo Vineis
Paolo Vineis*
Affiliation:
Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Torino and CPO-Piemonte, via Santena 7 10126 Torino, Italy
*
*Corresponding author: Email [email protected]
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Abstract

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At least six types of gene–environment interactions (GEI) have been proposed (Kouhry and Wagener, 1993) In the first type, neither the environmental exposure (EE) nor the genetic risk factor (GRF) have any effect by themselves, but interaction between them causes disease. This is the case of phenylalanine exposure and the phenylketonuria genotype. Type 2 is a situation in which the GRF has no effect on disease in the absence of exposure, but exacerbates the effects of the latter. This is the most important type of GEI in relation to metabolic susceptibility genes and human carcinogenesis. The third type is the converse of the second (EE is ineffective per se, but enhances the effect of GRF). Type 4 occurs when both EE and GRF increase the risk for disease, but the combination is interactive or synergistic: an example is the interaction between Xeroderma Pigmentosum and UV radiation. Types 5 and 6, according to the classification proposed by Kouhry, refer to cases in which the GRF is protective.

The model of GEI that is emerging as the most important in chemical carcinogenesis refers to metabolic susceptibility genes. The general population can be divided into subgroups depending on their susceptibility to the action of carcinogens, based on their ability to metabolize such compounds to electrophilic, reactive metabolites (which form adducts with DNA), or, respectively, electrophobic metabolites that are excreted. The present contribution is a short review of the relevant literature, with particular emphasis on some polymorphisms involved in dietary exposures. In addition, the practical implications of genetic testing in this field are discussed.

Keywords

DietGenetic susceptibilityCarcinogenesisMetabolic polymorphismsDNA repair
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 4 , Issue 2b , April 2001 , pp. 485 - 491
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2001

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