Hostname: page-component-669899f699-7tmb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-29T01:56:36.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pairwise Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2025

Richard M. Johnson
Richard M. Johnson*
Affiliation:
Market Facts, Incorporated
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A method of nonmetric multidimensional scaling is described which minimizes pairwise departures from monotonicity. The procedure is relatively simple, both conceptually and computationally. Experience to date suggests that it produces solutions comparable to those of other methods.

Type
Original Paper
Information
Psychometrika , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , March 1973 , pp. 11 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © 1973 The Psychometric Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Dwyer, P. S., and MacPhail, M. S. Symbolic matrix derivatives. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1948, 19, 517–534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttman, L. A general nonmetric technique for finding the smallest coordinate space for a configuration of points. Psychometrika, 1968, 33, 469–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttman, L. Smallest space analysis by the absolute value principle. 1969, paper read at XIX International Congress of Psychology, London.Google Scholar
Kruskal, J. B. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 1964, 29, 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruskal, J. B. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika, 1964, 29, 115–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruskal, J. B. How to use M-D-SCAL, a program to do multidimensional scaling and multidimensional unfolding, 1968, Murray Hill, N. J.: Bell Telephone LaboratoriesGoogle Scholar
Roskam, E. E. The method of triads for nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Psychologie, 1970, 25, 404–417Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. The analysis of proximities: multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. I, II. Psychometrika, 1962, 27, 125–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, F. W. TORSCA, a FORTRAN IV program for Shepard-Kruskal multidimensional scaling analysis. Behavioral Science, 1967, 12, 498–498Google Scholar