Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T18:41:31.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders: a 7-year first-contact incidence study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2014

W. Veling ,
E. Susser ,
J.-P. Selten  and
H. W. Hoek
W. Veling*
Affiliation:
Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
E. Susser
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
J.-P. Selten
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Rivierduinen Psychiatric Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands
H. W. Hoek
Affiliation:
Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
*
* Address for correspondence: W. Veling, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Environmental factors such as urban birth and ethnic minority position have been related to risk for psychotic disorders. There is some evidence that not only individual, but also neighborhood characteristics influence this risk. The aim of this study was to investigate social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders.

Method

The research was a 7-year first-contact incidence study of psychotic disorders in The Hague. Neighborhood characteristics included continuous, dichotomous and cumulative measures of socio-economic level, residential mobility, ethnic diversity, proportion of single person households, voter turnout, population density and crime level. Using multilevel Poisson regression analysis, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of psychotic disorders were calculated for the indicators of neighborhood social disorganization.

Results

A total of 618 incident cases were identified. Neighborhood socio-economic level and residential mobility had the strongest association with incidence of psychotic disorders [individual-level adjusted Wald χ21 = 13.03 (p = 0.0003) and 5.51 (p = 0.02), respectively]. All but one (proportion of single person households) of the dichotomous neighborhood indicators were significantly associated with a higher IRR. The cumulative degree of neighborhood social disorganization was strongly and linearly associated with the incidence of psychotic disorders (trend test, Wald χ25 = 25.76, p = 0.0001). The IRR in neighborhoods with the highest degree of social disorganization was 1.95 (95% CI 1.38–2.75) compared with the lowest disorganization category.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that the risk for developing a psychotic disorder is higher for people living in socially disorganized environments. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate causality.

Keywords

Incidenceneighborhoodpsychotic disordersschizophreniasocial environment
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 9 , July 2015 , pp. 1789 - 1798
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allardyce, J, Boydell, J (2006). Review: the wider social environment and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 592–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allardyce, J, Gilmour, H, Atkinson, J, Rapson, T, Bishop, J, McCreadie, RG (2005). Social fragmentation, deprivation and urbanicity: relation to first-admission rates for psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 401–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, NC, Flaum, M, Arndt, S (1992). The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH). An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 615–623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boydell, J, Van Os, J, McKenzie, K, Allardyce, J, Goel, R, McCreadie, RG, Murray, RM (2001). Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environment. British Medical Journal 323, 1336–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boydell, J, Van Os, J, McKenzie, K, Murray, RM (2004). The association of inequality with the incidence of schizophrenia – an ecological study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, 597–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, AS, Derkits, EJ (2010). Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 261–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budescu, DV, Budescu, M (2012). How to measure diversity when you must. Psychological Methods 17, 215–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, JK, Esterhuizen, T (2008). Poverty, inequality and the treated incidence of first-episode psychosis: an ecological study from South Africa. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, 331–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cagney, KA, Browning, CR (2004). Exploring neighborhood-level variation in asthma and other respiratory diseases. Journal of General Internal Medicine 19, 229–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corcoran, C, Perrin, M, Harlap, S, Deutsch, L, Fennig, S, Manor, O, Nahon, D, Kimhy, D, Malaspina, D, Susser, E (2009). Effect of socioeconomic status and parents’ education at birth on risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, 265–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croudace, TJ, Kayne, R, Jones, PB, Harrison, GL (2000). Non-linear relationship between an index of social deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the incidence of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 30, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Silva, MJ, McKenzie, K, Harpham, T, Huttley, SRA (2005). Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59, 619–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faris, R, Dunham, HW (1939). Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Flink, IJE, Prins, RG, Mackenbach, JP, Jaddoe, VW, Hofman, A, Verhulst, FC, Tiemeier, H, Raat, H (2013). Neighborhood ethnic diversity and behavioral and emotional problems in 3 year olds: results from the Generation R study. PLOS ONE 8, e70070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, D (2007). Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 425–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häfner, H, Riecher-Rossler, A, Hambrecht, M, Maurer, K, Meissner, S, Schmidtke, A, Fatkenheuer, B, Loffler, W, Van der Heiden, W (1992). IRAOS: an instrument for the assessment of onset and early course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 6, 209–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawachi, I, Kennedy, BP, Wilkinson, RG (1999). Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation. Social Science and Medicine 48, 719–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkbride, JB, Boydell, J, Ploubidis, GB, Morgan, C, Dazzan, P, McKenzie, K, Murray, RM, Jones, PB (2008). Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychological Medicine 38, 1083–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkbride, JB, Fearon, P, Morgan, C, Dazzan, P, Morgan, K, Murray, RM, Jones, PB (2007 a). Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42, 438–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkbride, JB, Jones, PB, Ullrich, S, Coid, JW (2014). Social deprivation, inequality, and the neighborhood-level incidence of psychotic syndromes in East London. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 169–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkbride, JB, Morgan, C, Fearon, P, Dazzan, P, Murray, RM, Jones, PB (2007 b). Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context. Psychological Medicine 37, 1413–1425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
March, D, Hatch, SL, Morgan, C, Kirkbride, JB, Bresnahan, M, Fearon, P, Susser, E (2008). Psychosis and place. Epidemiological Reviews 30, 84–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, MG (2006). Status syndrome: a challenge to medicine. JAMA 295, 1304–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCulloch, A (2003). An examination of social capital and social disorganization in neighbourhoods in the British household panel study. Social Science and Medicine 56, 1425–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merton, RK (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review 3, 672–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morenoff, JD (2003). Neighborhood mechanisms and the spatial dynamics of birth weight. American Journal of Sociology 108, 976–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, C, Charalambides, M, Hutchinson, G, Murray, RM (2010). Migration, ethnicity, and psychosis: toward a sociodevelopmental model. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 655–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murayama, H, Fujiwara, Y, Kawachi, I (2012). Social capital and health: a review of prospective multilevel studies. Journal of Epidemiology 22, 179–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opler, MG, Brown, AS, Graziano, J, Desai, M, Zheng, W, Schaefer, C, Factor-Litvak, P, Susser, ES (2004). Prenatal lead exposure, Δ-aminolevulinic acid, and schizophrenia. Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 548–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, CB, Raaschou-Nielsen, O, Hertel, O, Mortensen, PB (2004). Air pollution from traffic and schizophrenia risk. Schizophrenia Research 66, 83–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, RJ (2012). Great American City. Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, RJ, Raudenbush, SW, Earls, F (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277, 918–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R (2004). Social status and health in humans and other animals. Annual Review of Anthropology 33, 393–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selten, JP, Van der Ven, E, Rutten, BPF, Cantor-Graae, E (2013). The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 1180–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, JP, Veen, N, Feller, W, Blom, JD, Schols, D, Camoenie, W, Oolders, J, Van der Velden, M, Hoek, HW, Rivero, VM, Van der Graaf, Y, Kahn, R (2001). Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to The Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 367–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, CR, McKay, HD (1942). Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Silver, E, Mulvey, EP, Swanson, JW (2002). Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Social Science and Medicine 55, 1457–1470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
StataCorp (2005). Stata Statistical Software. Stata Corporation: College Station, TX.Google Scholar
Van Os, J, Kenis, G, Rutten, BPF (2010). The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 468, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W, Selten, JP, Veen, N, Laan, W, Blom, JD, Hoek, HW (2006). Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: a four-year first-contact study. Schizophrenia Research 86, 189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W, Susser, E (2011). Migration and psychotic disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11, 65–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W, Susser, E, Van Os, J, Mackenbach, JP, Selten, JP, Hoek, HW (2008). Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 66–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicks, S, Hjern, A, Gunnell, D, Lewis, G, Dalman, C (2005). Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1652–1657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, RG, Pickett, KE (2006). Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science and Medicine 62, 1768–1784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zammit, S, Lewis, G, Rasbash, J, Dalman, C, Gustafsson, JE, Allebeck, P (2010). Individuals, schools, and neighborhood: a multilevel longitudinal study of variation in incidence of psychotic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 914–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed