Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T10:31:10.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Recovery from DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder in the WHO World Mental Health surveys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2017

A. J. Rosellini ,
H. Liu ,
M. V. Petukhova ,
N. A. Sampson ,
S. Aguilar-Gaxiola ,
J. Alonso ,
G. Borges ,
R. Bruffaerts ,
E. J. Bromet  and
G. de Girolamo
...Show all authors
A. J. Rosellini
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
H. Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
M. V. Petukhova
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
N. A. Sampson
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
S. Aguilar-Gaxiola
Affiliation:
Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
J. Alonso
Affiliation:
IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
G. Borges
Affiliation:
National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
R. Bruffaerts
Affiliation:
Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum – Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
E. J. Bromet
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
G. de Girolamo
Affiliation:
IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre/IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
P. de Jonge
Affiliation:
Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
J. Fayyad
Affiliation:
Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon
S. Florescu
Affiliation:
National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania
O. Gureje
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
J. M. Haro
Affiliation:
Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
H. Hinkov
Affiliation:
National Center for Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
E. G. Karam
Affiliation:
Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
N. Kawakami
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
K. C. Koenen
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
S. Lee
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
J. P. Lépine
Affiliation:
Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Universités Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
D. Levinson
Affiliation:
Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
F. Navarro-Mateu
Affiliation:
UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain
B. D. Oladeji
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
S. O'Neill
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
B.-E. Pennell
Affiliation:
Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
M. Piazza
Affiliation:
Universidad Cayetano Heredia, National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
J. Posada-Villa
Affiliation:
Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia
K. M. Scott
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
D. J. Stein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
Y. Torres
Affiliation:
Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
M. C. Viana
Affiliation:
Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
A. M. Zaslavsky
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
R. C. Kessler*
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
*
*Author for correspondence: R. C. Kessler, Ph.D., Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) course finds a substantial proportion of cases remit within 6 months, a majority within 2 years, and a substantial minority persists for many years. Results are inconsistent about pre-trauma predictors.

Methods

The WHO World Mental Health surveys assessed lifetime DSM-IV PTSD presence-course after one randomly-selected trauma, allowing retrospective estimates of PTSD duration. Prior traumas, childhood adversities (CAs), and other lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders were examined as predictors using discrete-time person-month survival analysis among the 1575 respondents with lifetime PTSD.

Results

20%, 27%, and 50% of cases recovered within 3, 6, and 24 months and 77% within 10 years (the longest duration allowing stable estimates). Time-related recall bias was found largely for recoveries after 24 months. Recovery was weakly related to most trauma types other than very low [odds-ratio (OR) 0.2–0.3] early-recovery (within 24 months) associated with purposefully injuring/torturing/killing and witnessing atrocities and very low later-recovery (25+ months) associated with being kidnapped. The significant ORs for prior traumas, CAs, and mental disorders were generally inconsistent between early- and later-recovery models. Cross-validated versions of final models nonetheless discriminated significantly between the 50% of respondents with highest and lowest predicted probabilities of both early-recovery (66–55% v. 43%) and later-recovery (75–68% v. 39%).

Conclusions

We found PTSD recovery trajectories similar to those in previous studies. The weak associations of pre-trauma factors with recovery, also consistent with previous studies, presumably are due to stronger influences of post-trauma factors.

Keywords

Cross-nationalepidemiologypost-traumatic stress disorderrecovery
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , February 2018 , pp. 437 - 450
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Benjet, C, Bromet, E, Karam, EG, Kessler, RC, McLaughlin, KA, Ruscio, AM, Shahly, V, Stein, DJ, Petukhova, M, Hill, E, Alonso, J, Atwoli, L, Bunting, B, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-de-Almeida, JM, de Girolamo, G, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Huang, Y, Lepine, JP, Kawakami, N, Kovess-Masfety, V, Medina-Mora, ME, Navarro-Mateu, F, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Scott, KM, Shalev, A, Slade, T, ten Have, M, Torres, Y, Viana, MC, Zarkov, Z, Koenen, KC (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine 46, 327–343.Google Scholar
Brackbill, RM, Hadler, JL, DiGrande, L, Ekenga, CC, Farfel, MR, Friedman, S, Perlman, SE, Stellman, SD, Walker, DJ, Wu, D, Yu, S, Thorpe, LE (2009). Asthma and posttraumatic stress symptoms 5 to 6 years following exposure to the World Trade Center terrorist attack. JAMA 302, 502–516.Google Scholar
Breslau, N, Kessler, RC, Chilcoat, HD, Schultz, LR, Davis, GC, Andreski, P (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 626–632.Google Scholar
Chapman, C, Mills, K, Slade, T, McFarlane, AC, Bryant, RA, Creamer, M, Silove, D, Teesson, M (2012). Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Psychological Medicine 42, 1695–1703.Google Scholar
Courtois, CA, Sonis, J, Brown, LS, Cook, J, Fairbank, JA, Friedman, M, Gone, JP, Jones, R, La Greca, A, Mellman, T, Roberts, J, Schulz, P, Bufka, LF, Halfond, R, Kurtzman, H (2016). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults from the Guideline Development Panel (GDP) for PTSD Treatment of the American Psychological Association (APA) (http://apacustomout.apa.org/commentPracGuidelines/Practice/Full20PTSD20text20clean2010-4-16%20revised.pdf). Accessed 20 January 2017.Google Scholar
Gardner, M, Altman, D (2000). Statistics with Confidence: Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines. BMJ Books: London, England.Google Scholar
Halli, SS, Rao, KV (1992). Advanced Techniques of Population Analysis. Plenum: New York, NY.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harkness, J, Pennell, B-E, Villar, A, Gebler, N, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Bilgen, I (2008). Translation procedures and translation assessment in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. In The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ed. Kessler, R. C. and Üstün, T. B.), pp. 91–113. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Haro, JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S, Brugha, TS, de Girolamo, G, Guyer, ME, Jin, R, Lepine, JP, Mazzi, F, Reneses, B, Vilagut, G, Sampson, NA, Kessler, RC (2006). Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 15, 167–180.Google Scholar
Heeringa, SG, Wells, JE, Hubbard, F, Mneimneh, ZN, Chiu, WT, Sampson, NA, Berglund, PA (2008). Sample designs and sampling procedures. In The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ed. Kessler, R. C. and Üstün, T. B.), pp. 14–32. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC (In press). Trauma and PTSD in the United States. In Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (ed. Nemeroff, C. and Marmar, C.). Oxford University Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Akiskal, HS, Angst, J, Guyer, M, Hirschfeld, RM, Merikangas, KR, Stang, PE (2006). Validity of the assessment of bipolar spectrum disorders in the WHO CIDI 3.0. Journal of Affective Disorders 96, 259–269.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, McLaughlin, KA, Green, JG, Gruber, MJ, Sampson, NA, Zaslavsky, AM, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alhamzawi, AO, Alonso, J, Angermeyer, M, Benjet, C, Bromet, E, Chatterji, S, de Girolamo, G, Demyttenaere, K, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, Gal, G, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, CY, Karam, EG, Kawakami, N, Lee, S, Lepine, JP, Ormel, J, Posada-Villa, J, Sagar, R, Tsang, A, Üstün, TB, Vassilev, S, Viana, MC, Williams, DR (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry 197, 378–385.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Rose, S, Koenen, KC, Karam, EG, Stang, PE, Stein, DJ, Heeringa, SG, Hill, ED, Liberzon, I, McLaughlin, KA, McLean, SA, Pennell, BE, Petukhova, M, Rosellini, AJ, Ruscio, AM, Shahly, V, Shalev, AY, Silove, D, Zaslavsky, AM, Angermeyer, MC, Bromet, EJ, de Almeida, JM, de Girolamo, G, de Jonge, P, Demyttenaere, K, Florescu, SE, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hinkov, H, Kawakami, N, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Medina-Mora, ME, Murphy, SD, Navarro-Mateu, F, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Scott, K, Torres, Y, Carmen Viana, M (2014). How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry 13, 265–274.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Sonnega, A, Bromet, E, Hughes, M, Nelson, CB (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 1048–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13, 93–121.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB, eds. (2008). The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Landis, JR, Koch, GG (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159–174.Google Scholar
Liu, H, Petukhova, MV, Sampson, NA, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Andrade, LH, Bromet, EJ, de Girolamo, G, Haro, JM, Hinkov, H, Kawakami, N, Koenen, KC, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Medina-Mora, ME, Navarro-Mateu, F, O'Neill, S, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Scott, KM, Shahly, V, Stein, DJ, Ten Have, M, Torres, Y, Gureje, O, Zaslavsky, AM, Kessler, RC (2017). Association of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in the World Health Organization World Mental Health surveys. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 270–281.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, KA, Koenen, KC, Bromet, EJ, Karam, EG, Liu, H, Petukhova, MV, Ruscio, AM, Sampson, NA, Stein, DJ, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Borges, G, Demyttenaere, K, Dinolova, RV, Ferry, F, Florescu, S, de Girolamo, G, Gureje, O, Kawakami, N, Lee, S, Navarro-Mateu, F, Piazza, M, Pennell, B-E, Posada-Villa, J, ten Have, M, Viana, MC, Kessler, RC (In press). Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitization in the World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Morina, N, Wicherts, JM, Lobbrecht, J, Priebe, S (2014). Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review 34, 249–255.Google Scholar
North, CS, Pfefferbaum, B, Kawasaki, A, Lee, S, Spitznagel, EL (2011). Psychosocial adjustment of directly exposed survivors 7 years after the Oklahoma City bombing. Comprehensive Psychiatry 52, 1–8.Google Scholar
Perkonigg, A, Pfister, H, Stein, MB, Hofler, M, Lieb, R, Maercker, A, Wittchen, HU (2005). Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1320–1327.Google Scholar
Pietrzak, RH, Feder, A, Singh, R, Schechter, CB, Bromet, EJ, Katz, CL, Reissman, DB, Ozbay, F, Sharma, V, Crane, M, Harrison, D, Herbert, R, Levin, SM, Luft, BJ, Moline, JM, Stellman, JM, Udasin, IG, Landrigan, PJ, Southwick, SM (2014). Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study. Psychological Medicine 44, 205–219.Google Scholar
Pietrzak, RH, Goldstein, RB, Southwick, SM, Grant, BF (2011). Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 25, 456–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAS Institute Inc. (2008). SAS Software, Version 9.2 [computer program]. SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, NC.Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. (2010). SAS/STATR Software, Version 9.3 for Unix [computer program]. SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Smith, GC, Seaman, SR, Wood, AM, Royston, P, White, IR (2014). Correcting for optimistic prediction in small data sets. American Journal of Epidemiology 180, 318–324.Google Scholar
Steinert, C, Hofmann, M, Leichsenring, F, Kruse, J (2015). The course of PTSD in naturalistic long-term studies: high variability of outcomes. A systematic review. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 69, 483–496.Google Scholar
Tarrier, N, Gregg, L (2004). Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients – predictors of suicidal ideation, planning and attempts. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, 655–661.Google Scholar
Willett, JB, Singer, JD (1993). Investigating onset, cessation, relapse, and recovery: why you should, and how you can, use discrete-time survival analysis to examine event occurrence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61, 952–965.Google Scholar
Wolter, KM (1985). Introduction to Variance Estimation. Springer-Verlag: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Zlotnick, C, Rodriguez, BF, Weisberg, RB, Bruce, SE, Spencer, MA, Culpepper, L, Keller, MB (2004). Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder and predictors of the course of posttraumatic stress disorder among primary care patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192, 153–159.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Rosellini supplementary material

Tables S1-S4

Download Rosellini supplementary material(File)
File 63.9 KB