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Psychological well-being and incident frailty in men and women: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2013

C. R. Gale ,
C. Cooper ,
I. J. Deary  and
A. Aihie Sayer
C. R. Gale*
Affiliation:
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
C. Cooper
Affiliation:
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
I. J. Deary
Affiliation:
Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
A. Aihie Sayer
Affiliation:
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
*
* Address for correspondence: Dr C. R. Gale, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Observations that older people who enjoy life more tend to live longer suggest that psychological well-being may be a potential resource for healthier ageing. We investigated whether psychological well-being was associated with incidence of physical frailty.

Method

We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the prospective relationship between psychological well-being, assessed using the CASP-19, a questionnaire that assesses perceptions of control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure, and incidence of physical frailty or pre-frailty, defined according to the Fried criteria (unintentional weight loss, weakness, self-reported exhaustion, slow walking speed and low physical activity), in 2557 men and women aged 60 to ⩾90 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

Results

Men and women with higher levels of psychological well-being were less likely to become frail over the 4-year follow-up period. For a standard deviation higher score in psychological well-being at baseline, the relative risk ratio (RR) for incident frailty, adjusted for age, sex and baseline frailty status, was 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–0.54]. There was a significant association between psychological well-being and risk of pre-frailty (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63–0.77). Examination of scores for hedonic (pleasure) and eudaimonic (control, autonomy and self-realization) well-being showed that higher scores on both were associated with decreased risk. Associations were partially attenuated by further adjustment for other potential confounding factors but persisted. Incidence of pre-frailty or frailty was associated with a decline in well-being, suggesting that the relationship is bidirectional.

Conclusions

Maintaining a stronger sense of psychological well-being in later life may protect against the development of physical frailty. Future research needs to establish the mechanisms underlying these findings.

Keywords

Ageingcohortfrailtylongitudinal studypsychological wellbeing
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 44 , Issue 4 , March 2014 , pp. 697 - 706
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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