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Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2002

J. LESERMAN ,
J. M. PETITTO ,
H. GU ,
B. N. GAYNES ,
J. BARROSO ,
R. N. GOLDEN ,
D. O. PERKINS ,
J. D. FOLDS  and
D. L. EVANS
J. LESERMAN
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
J. M. PETITTO
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
H. GU
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
B. N. GAYNES
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
J. BARROSO
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
R. N. GOLDEN
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
D. O. PERKINS
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
J. D. FOLDS
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
D. L. EVANS
Affiliation:
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract

Background. The primary aim of this study is to examine prospectively the association of stressful life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol and lymphocyte subsets with changes in multiple measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression.

Methods. Ninety-six HIV-infected gay men without symptoms or anti-retroviral medication use at baseline were studied every 6 months for up to 9 years. Disease progression was defined in three ways using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifications (e.g. AIDS, clinical AIDS condition and mortality). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used, adjusting for control variables (e.g. race, age, baseline, CD4 T cells and viral load, number of anti-retroviral medications).

Results. Higher cumulative average stressful life events and lower cumulative average social support predicted faster progression to both the CDC AIDS classification and a clinical AIDS condition. Higher anger scores and CD8 T cells were associated with faster progression to AIDS, and depressive symptoms were associated with faster development of an AIDS clinical condition. Higher levels of serum cortisol predicted all three measures of disease progression.

Conclusions. These results suggest that stressful life events, dysphoric mood and limited social support are associated with more rapid clinical progression in HIV infection, with serum cortisol also exerting an independent effect on disease progression.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 32 , Issue 6 , August 2002 , pp. 1059 - 1073
Copyright
© 2002 Cambridge University Press

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