Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T23:24:40.628Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: evaluating the role of the mode of administration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2008

R. D. Goodwin ,
M. J. Zvolensky  and
K. M. Keyes
R. D. Goodwin*
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
M. J. Zvolensky
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
K. M. Keyes
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: R. D. Goodwin, Ph.D., M.P.H., Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Rm 1706, New York, NY 10032, USA. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

To investigate the association between nicotine dependence (ND), by cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco (UST), and mental disorders.

Method

Face-to-face surveys (n=43 093) were conducted in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Nicotine use, ND, and mental disorders were assessed using DSM-IV criteria.

Results

UST-ND was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of any anxiety disorder, specific phobia, alcohol abuse and dependence. Consistent with previous findings, cigarette smoking-ND was associated with an increased likelihood of all mental disorders examined. Among those without ND, cigarette smoking was specifically associated with panic attacks and panic disorder; non-dependent UST was not associated with mental disorders.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the association between ND and mental disorders is relatively specific to the mode of nicotine administration. Among those who are nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with most major psychiatric disorders, whereas UST is associated with dysthymia and specific phobia. Among those who use tobacco but are not nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with dysthymia and panic disorder; UST is not associated with any major mood or anxiety disorders. The link between mental disorders and nicotine is complex, and is associated primarily with dependence, and not with non-dependent use.

Keywords

Anxietydepressionepidemiologymental disordersnicotine dependence
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 38 , Issue 9 , September 2008 , pp. 1277 - 1286
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Baker, F, Ainsworth, SR, Dye, JT, Crammer, C, Thun, MJ, Hoffmann, D, Repace, JL, Henningfield, JE, Slade, J, Pinney, J, Shanks, T, Burns, DM, Connolly, GN, Shopland, DR (2000). Health risks associated with cigar smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 735–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, RR, Pereira da Silva, JR, Smith, G (2004). The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, 3–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, TB, Japuntich, SJ, Hogle, JM, McCarthy, DE, Curtin, JJ (2006). Pharmacologic and behavioral withdrawal from addictive drugs. Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, 232–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbeau, EM, Krieger, N, Soobader, M (2004). Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000. American Journal of Public Health 94, 269–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslau, N, Klein, DF (1999). Smoking and panic attacks: an epidemiologic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 1141–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N, Novak, SP, Kessler, RC (2004). Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biological Psychiatry 55, 69–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, DM, Cummings, KM, Hoffman, D (1998). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control. Monograph No. 9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Cardenas, L, Tremblay, LK, Naranjo, CA, Herrmann, N, Zack, M, Busto, UE (2002). Brain reward system activity in major depression and comorbid nicotine dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 302, 1265–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Compton, WM, Grant, BF, Colliver, JD, Glantz, MD, Stinson, FS (2004). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Journal of the American Medical Association 291, 2114–2121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conwell, LS, O'Callaghan, MJ, Andersen, MJ, Bor, W, Najman, JM, Williams, GM (2003). Early adolescent smoking and a web of personal and social disadvantage. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 39, 580–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coogan, PF, Geller, A, Adams, M (2000). Prevalence and correlates of smokeless tobacco use in a sample of Connecticut students. Journal of Adolescence 23, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosoff, SJ, Hafner, RJ (1998). The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Covey, LS (1999). Tobacco cessation among patients with depression. Primary Care 26, 691–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Covey, LS, Bomback, A, Yan, GW (2006). History of depression and smoking cessation: a rejoinder. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 8, 315–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creamer, M, Burgess, P, McFarlane, AC (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine 31, 1237–1247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czermak, C, Lehofer, M, Wagner, E, Prietl, B, Gorkiewicz, G, Lemonis, L, Rohrhofer, A, Legl, T, Schauenstein, K, Liebmann, P (2004). Reduced dopamine D3 receptor expression in blood lymphocytes of smokers is negatively correlated with daily number of smoked cigarettes: a peripheral correlate of dopaminergic alterations in smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 6, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dilsaver, SC (1987). Nicotine and panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 1245–1246.Google ScholarPubMed
Doescher, MP, Jackson, JE, Jerant, AF, Hart, LG (2006). Tobacco prevalence and trends in smoking: a national rural study. Journal of Rural Health 22, 112–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, W, Keyl, PM (1990). Risk factors for the onset of DIS/DSM-III agoraphobia in a prospective, population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 819–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellickson, PL, McGuigan, KA, Klein, DJ (2001). Predictors of late-onset smoking and cessation over 10 years. Journal of Adolescent Health 29, 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldner, MT, Babson, KA, Zvolensky, MJ (2007). Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: a critical review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 14–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gajalakshmi, CK, Jha, P, Ranson, K, Nguyen, S (2000). Global patterns of smoking and smoking-attributable mortality. In Tobacco Control in Developing Countries (ed. Jha, P. and Chaloupka, F.), pp. 11–39. Oxford University Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassman, AH, Covey, LS, Stetner, F, Rivelli, S (2001). Smoking cessation and the course of major depression: a follow-up study. Lancet 357, 1929–1932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, AH, Helzer, JE, Covey, LS, Cottler, LB, Stetner, F, Tipp, JE, Johnson, J (1990). Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 264, 1546–1549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, RZ, Volkow, ND (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1642–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, RD, Chuang, S, Simuro, N, Davies, M, Pine, DS (2006). Association between lung function and mental health problems among adults in the United States: findings from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology 165, 383–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, RD, Hamilton, SP (2002). Cigarette smoking and panic: the role of neuroticism. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1208–1213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, BF, Dawson, DA, Hasin, DS (2001). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV version (AUDADIS-IV). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Grant, BF, Dawson, DA, Stinson, FS, Chou, PS, Kay, W, Pickering, R (2003 a). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 71, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, BF, Hasin, DS, Chou, SP, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA (2004 a). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 1107–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, BF, Moore, TC, Kaplan, K (2003 b). Source and Accuracy Statement: Wave 1 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Grant, BF, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Dufour, MC, Compton, W, Pickering, RP, Kaplan, K (2004 b). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 807–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, BF, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Ruan, J, Pickering, RP (2004 c). Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the U.S.: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 361–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregor, K, Zvolensky, MJ, Bernstein, A, Marshall, EC, Yartz, AR (2007). Smoking motives in the prediction of affective vulnerability among young adult daily smokers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, 471–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasin, DS, Goodwin, RD, Stinson, FS, Grant, BF (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 1097–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasin, DS, Grant, BF (2004). The co-occurrence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse in DSM-IV alcohol dependence: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions on heterogeneity that differ by population subgroup. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 891–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, JR, Hatsukami, DK, Mitchell, JE, Dahlgren, LA (1986). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 993–997.Google ScholarPubMed
Isensee, B, Wittchen, HU, Stein, MB, Hofler, M, Lieb, R (2003). Smoking increases the risk of panic: findings from a prospective community study. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 692–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jain, A (2003). Treating nicotine addiction. British Medical Journal 327, 1394–1395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, JG, Cohen, P, Pine, DS, Klein, DF, Kasen, S, Brook, JS (2000). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 2348–2351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juon, H, Ensminger, ME, Sydnor, KD (2002). A longitudinal study of developmental trajectories to young adult cigarette smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66, 303–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Sonnega, A, Bromet, E, Nelson, CB (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 1048–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khurana, S, Batra, V, Patkar, AA, Leone, FT (2003). Twenty-first century tobacco use: it is not just a risk factor anymore. Respiratory Medicine 97, 295–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasser, K, Boyd, JW, Woolhandler, S, Himmelstein, DU, McCormick, D, Bor, DH (2000). Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 2606–2610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorant, V, Deliège, D, Eaton, W, Robert, A, Philippot, P, Ansseau, M (2003). Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 157, 98–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClernon, FJ, Hiott, BF, Westman, EC, Rose, JE, Levin, E (2006). Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 189, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, L, West, P (1996). Peer pressure to smoke: the meaning depends on the method. Health Education Research 11, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohl, P, Yeragani, VK, Balon, R, Lycaki, H, McBride, R (1992). Smoking in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Research 43, 253–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regier, DA, Farmer, ME, Rae, DS, Locke, BZ, Keith, SJ, Judd, LL, Goodwin, FK (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association 264, 2511–2518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rouse, BA (1989). Epidemiology of smokeless tobacco use: a national study. NCI Monographs 8, 29–33.Google Scholar
Salin-Pascual, RJ, Alcocer-Castillejos, NV, Alejo-Galarza, G (2003). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders. Revista de Investigación Clínica 55, 677–693.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmitz, N, Kruse, J, Kugler, J (2003). Disabilities, quality of life, and mental disorders associated with smoking and nicotine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 1670–1676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SUDAAN (2002). Software for Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN), Version 9.01. Research Triangle Institute: Research Triangle Park, NC.Google Scholar
Tercyak, KP, Audrain, J (2002). Psychosocial correlates of alternate tobacco product use during early adolescence. Preventive Medicine 35, 193–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tominaga, S (1986). Spread of smoking to developing countries. International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publications 74, 125–133.Google Scholar
Tucker, JS, Ellickson, PL, Klein, DJ (2002). Smoking cessation during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 4, 321–332.Google ScholarPubMed
Ware, JE, Kosinkski, M, Turner-Bowker, DM, Gandek, B (2002). How to Score Version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey. Quality Metrics: Lincoln, RI.Google Scholar
Weinberger, AH, Sacco, KA, George, TP (2006). Comorbid tobacco dependence and psychiatric disorders: towards the development of improved treatments. Psychiatric Times 23, 35–41.Google Scholar
Wells, JC, Tien, AY, Garrison, R, Eaton, WW (1994). Risk factors for the incidence of social phobia as determined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule in a population-based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 90, 84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, P, Sweeting, H (1994). Family and Friends' Influences on Smoking in Mid to Late Adolescence: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Perspectives. MRC Medical Sociology Unit: Glasgow, UK.Google Scholar
Williams, JM, Ziedonis, D (2004). Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction. Addictive Behaviors 29, 1067–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, GH, Ma, J, Chen, A, Zhang, Y, Samet, JM, Taylor, CE, Becker, K (2001). Smoking cessation in China: findings from the 1996 national prevalence study. Tobacco Control 10, 170–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zvolensky, MJ, Bernstein, A (2005). Cigarette smoking and panic psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, 301–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar