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Maternal immune and affiliative biomarkers and sensitive parenting mediate the effects of chronic early trauma on child anxiety

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 September 2017

A. Ulmer-Yaniv ,
A. Djalovski ,
K. Yirmiya ,
G. Halevi ,
O. Zagoory-Sharon  and
R. Feldman
A. Ulmer-Yaniv
Affiliation:
The Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
A. Djalovski
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
K. Yirmiya
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
G. Halevi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
O. Zagoory-Sharon
Affiliation:
The Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
R. Feldman*
Affiliation:
The Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: R. Feldman, Ph.D., Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Chronic early trauma alters children's stress reactivity and increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders; yet the neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms underpinning this effect are not fully clear. Animal studies indicate that the mother's physiology and behavior mediate offspring stress in a system-specific manner, but few studies tested this external-regulatory maternal role in human children exposed to chronic stress.

Methods

We followed a unique cohort of children exposed to continuous wartime trauma (N = 177; exposed; N = 101, controls; N = 76). At 10 years, maternal and child's salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and oxytocin (OT), biomarkers of the immune and affiliation systems, were assayed, maternal and child relational behaviors observed, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and child anxiety symptoms assessed.

Results

War-exposed mothers had higher s-IgA, lower OT, more anxiety symptoms, and their parenting was characterized by reduced sensitivity. Exposed children showed higher s-IgA, more anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder, and more anxiety symptoms. Path analysis model defined three pathways by which maternal physiology and behavior impacted child anxiety; (a) increasing maternal s-IgA, which led to increased child s-IgA, augmenting child anxiety; (b) reducing maternal OT, which linked with diminished child OT and social repertoire; and (c) increasing maternal anxiety, which directly impacted child anxiety.

Conclusions

Our findings, the first to measure immune and affiliation biomarkers in mothers and children, detail their unique and joint effects on children's anxiety in response to stress; highlight the relations between chronic stress, immune activation, and anxiety in children; and describe how processes of biobehavioral synchrony shape children's long-term adaptation.

Keywords

Childhood anxiety disordersearly life stressmaternal behavioroxytocinsalivary IgAtraumawar exposure
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 48 , Issue 6 , April 2018 , pp. 1020 - 1033
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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