Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T09:30:01.662Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jumping to conclusions at first onset of psychosis predicts longer admissions, more compulsory admissions and police involvement over the next 4 years: the GAP study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2018

Victoria Rodriguez ,
Olesya Ajnakina ,
Simona A. Stilo ,
Valeria Mondelli ,
Tiago Reis Marques ,
Antonella Trotta ,
Diego Quattrone ,
Poonam Gardner-Sood ,
Marco Colizzi  and
Benjamin D. Wiffen
...Show all authors
Victoria Rodriguez*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Olesya Ajnakina
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Simona A. Stilo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Valeria Mondelli
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Tiago Reis Marques
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Antonella Trotta
Affiliation:
Social, Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Diego Quattrone
Affiliation:
Social, Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Poonam Gardner-Sood
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Marco Colizzi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Benjamin D. Wiffen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Paola Dazzan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Marta Di Forti
Affiliation:
Social, Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
M Aurora Falcone
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Anthony S. David
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Robin M. Murray
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Victoria Rodriguez, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Jumping to conclusions (JTC), which is the proneness to require less information before forming beliefs or making a decision, has been related to formation and maintenance of delusions. Using data from the National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) case–control study of first-episode psychosis (FEP), we set out to test whether the presence of JTC would predict poor clinical outcome at 4 years.

Methods

One-hundred and twenty-three FEP patients were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and the probabilistic reasoning ‘Beads’ Task at the time of recruitment. The sample was split into two groups based on the presence of JTC bias. Follow-up data over an average of 4 years were obtained concerning clinical course and outcomes (remission, intervention of police, use of involuntary treatment – the Mental Health Act (MHA) – and inpatient days).

Results

FEP who presented JTC at baseline were more likely during the follow-up period to be detained under the MHA [adjusted OR 15.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.92–83.54, p = 0.001], require intervention by the police (adjusted OR 14.95, 95% CI 2.68–83.34, p = 0.002) and have longer admissions (adjusted IRR = 5.03, 95% CI 1.91–13.24, p = 0.001). These associations were not accounted for by socio-demographic variables, IQ and symptom dimensions.

Conclusions

JTC in FEP is associated with poorer outcome as indicated and defined by more compulsion police intervention and longer periods of admission. Our findings raise the question of whether the implementation of specific interventions to reduce JTC, such as Metacognition Training, may be a useful addition in early psychosis intervention programmes.

Keywords

Clinical outcomefirst-episode psychosisjumping to conclusionsreasoning biaspsychosis
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 49 , Issue 13 , October 2019 , pp. 2256 - 2266
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Joint senior author; these authors did similar contribution.

References

Aghotor, J, Pfueller, U, Moritz, S, Weisbrod, M and Roesch-Ely, D (2010) Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia (MCT): feasibility and preliminary evidence for its efficacy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41, 207–211.Google Scholar
Ajnakina, O, Trotta, A, Oakley-Hannibal, E, Di Forti, M, Stilo, SA, Kolliakou, A, Gardner-Sood, P, Gaughran, F, David, AS, Dazzan, P, Pariante, C, Mondelli, V, Morgan, C, Vassos, E, Murray, RM and Fisher, HL (2016) Impact of childhood adversities on specific symptom dimensions in first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine 46, 317–326.Google Scholar
Ajnakina, O, Lally, J, Di Forti, M, Kolliakou, A, Gardner-Sood, P, Lopez-Morinigo, J, Dazzan, P, Pariante, CM, Mondelli, V, MacCabe, J, David, AS, Gaughran, F, Murray, RM and Vassos, E (2017) Patterns of illness and care over the 5 years following onset of psychosis in different ethnic groups; the GAP-5 study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52, 1101–1111.Google Scholar
Alia-Klein, N, O'Rourke, TM, Goldstein, RZ and Malaspina, D (2007) Insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample. Aggressive Behavior 33, 86–96.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Carpenter, WT, Kane, JM, Lasser, RA, Marder, SR and Weinberger, DR (2005) Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 441–449.Google Scholar
Andreou, C, Treszl, A, Roesch-Ely, D, Köther, U, Veckenstedt, R and Moritz, S (2014) Investigation of the role of the jumping-to-conclusions bias for short-term functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 218, 341–347.Google Scholar
Andreou, C, Schneider, BC, Balzan, R, Luedecke, D, Roesch-Ely, D and Moritz, S (2015) Neurocognitive deficits are relevant for the jumping-to-conclusions bias, but not for delusions: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research. Cognition 2, 8–11.Google Scholar
Balzan, RP, Delfabbro, PH, Galletly, CA and Woodward, TS (2012) Over-adjustment or miscomprehension? A re-examination of the jumping to conclusions bias. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46, 532–540.Google Scholar
Breier, A, Schreiber, JL, Dyer, J and Pickar, D (1991) National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia. Prognosis and predictors of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 239–246.Google Scholar
Cahn, W, Hulshoff Pol, HE, Lems, EBTE, van Haren, NEM, Schnack, HG, van der Linden, JA, Schothorst, PF, van Engeland, H and Kahn, RS (2002) Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 1002–1010.Google Scholar
Couture, SM, Penn, DL and Roberts, DL (2006) The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, S44–S63.Google Scholar
David, A, Buchanan, A, Reed, A and Almeida, O (1992) The assessment of insight in psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 599–602.Google Scholar
Davies, S, Thornicroft, G, Leese, M, Higgingbotham, A and Phelan, M (1996) Ethnic differences in risk of compulsory psychiatric admission among representative cases of psychosis in London. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 312, 533–537.Google Scholar
Di Forti, M, Morgan, C, Dazzan, P, Pariante, C, Mondelli, V, Marques, TR, Handley, R, Luzi, S, Russo, M, Paparelli, A, Butt, A, Stilo, SA, Wiffen, B, Powell, J and Murray, RM (2009) High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 488–491.Google Scholar
Di Forti, M, Marconi, A, Carra, E, Fraietta, S, Trotta, A, Bonomo, M, Bianconi, F, Gardner-Sood, P, O'Connor, J, Russo, M, Stilo, SA, Marques, TR, Mondelli, V, Dazzan, P, Pariante, C, David, AS, Gaughran, F, Atakan, Z, Iyegbe, C, Powell, J, Morgan, C, Lynskey, M and Murray, RM (2015) Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. The Lancet. Psychiatry 2, 233–238.Google Scholar
Dudley, R, Daley, K, Nicholson, M, Shaftoe, D, Spencer, H, Cavanagh, K and Freeston, M (2013) ‘Jumping to conclusions’ in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 52, 380–393.Google Scholar
Dudley, R, Taylor, P, Wickham, S and Hutton, P (2016) Psychosis, delusions and the ‘jumping to conclusions’ reasoning bias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 652–665.Google Scholar
Endicott, J, Spitzer, RL, Fleiss, JL and Cohen, J (1976) The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 766–771.Google Scholar
Faber, G, Smid, HGOM, Van Gool, AR, Wunderink, L, Wiersma, D and van den Bosch, RJ (2011) Neurocognition and recovery in first episode psychosis. Psychiatry Research 188, 1–6.Google Scholar
Falcone, MA, Murray, RM, Wiffen, BDR, O'Connor, JA, Russo, M, Kolliakou, A, Stilo, S, Taylor, H, Gardner-Sood, P, Paparelli, A, Jichi, F, Di Forti, M, David, AS, Freeman, D and Jolley, S (2015 a) Jumping to conclusions, neuropsychological functioning, and delusional beliefs in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 411–418.Google Scholar
Falcone, MA, Murray, RM, O'Connor, JA, Hockey, LN, Gardner-Sood, P, Di Forti, M, Freeman, D and Jolley, S (2015 b) Jumping to conclusions and the persistence of delusional beliefs in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 165, 243–246.Google Scholar
Fatouros-Bergman, H, Cervenka, S, Flyckt, L, Edman, G and Farde, L (2014) Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 158, 156–162.Google Scholar
Favrod, J, Rexhaj, S, Bardy, S, Ferrari, P, Hayoz, C, Moritz, S, Conus, P and Bonsack, C (2014) Sustained antipsychotic effect of metacognitive training in psychosis: a randomized-controlled study. European Psychiatry 29, 275–281.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, Geddes, JR and Grann, M (2009) Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000120.Google Scholar
Fett, A-KJ, Viechtbauer, W, Dominguez, M-G, Penn, DL, van Os, J and Krabbendam, L (2011) The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 573–588.Google Scholar
Forbes, NF, Carrick, LA, McIntosh, AM and Lawrie, SM (2009) Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 39, 889–905.Google Scholar
Freeman, D and Garety, P (2014) Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49, 1179–1189.Google Scholar
Freeman, D, Pugh, K and Garety, P (2008) Jumping to conclusions and paranoid ideation in the general population. Schizophrenia Research 102, 254–260.Google Scholar
Friis, S, Melle, I, Johannessen, JO, Røssberg, JI, Barder, HE, Evensen, JH, Haahr, U, Ten Velden Hegelstad, W, Joa, I, Langeveld, J, Larsen, TK, Opjordsmoen, S, Rund, BR, Simonsen, E, Vaglum, PW and McGlashan, TH (2016) Early predictors of ten-year course in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services (Washington, DC) 67, 438–443.Google Scholar
Garety, PA and Freeman, D (1999) Cognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, 113–154.Google Scholar
Garety, PA, Hemsley, DR and Wessely, S (1991) Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients. Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179, 194–201.Google Scholar
Garety, PA, Kuipers, E, Fowler, D, Freeman, D and Bebbington, PE (2001) A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 31, 189–195.Google Scholar
Garety, PA, Freeman, D, Jolley, S, Dunn, G, Bebbington, PE, Fowler, DG, Kuipers, E and Dudley, R (2005) Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, 373–384.Google Scholar
Garety, PA, Gittins, M, Jolley, S, Bebbington, P, Dunn, G, Kuipers, E, Fowler, D and Freeman, D (2013) Differences in cognitive and emotional processes between persecutory and grandiose delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 629–639.Google Scholar
Garety, P, Waller, H, Emsley, R, Jolley, S, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Dunn, G, Fowler, D, Hardy, A and Freeman, D (2015) Cognitive mechanisms of change in delusions: an experimental investigation targeting reasoning to effect change in paranoia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 400–410.Google Scholar
Geddes, J, Mercer, G, Frith, CD, MacMillan, F, Owens, DG and Johnstone, EC (1994) Prediction of outcome following a first episode of schizophrenia. A follow-up study of Northwick Park first episode study subjects. The British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 664–668.Google Scholar
González, LE, López-Carrilero, R, Barrigón, ML, Grasa, E, Barajas, A, Pousa, E, González-Higueras, F, Ruiz-Delgado, I, Cid, J, Lorente-Rovira, E, Pélaez, T, Ochoa, S and Ochoa, S (2017) Neuropsychological functioning and jumping to conclusions in recent onset psychosis patients. Schizophrenia Research 195, 366–371.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Kern, RS, Braff, DL and Mintz, J (2000) Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the ‘right stuff’? Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 119–136.Google Scholar
Guy, W (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, and Welfare, 534–537Google Scholar
Heslin, M, Lappin, JM, Donoghue, K, Lomas, B, Reininghaus, U, Onyejiaka, A, Croudace, T, Jones, PB, Murray, RM, Fearon, P, Doody, GA, Dazzan, P, Craig, TJ and Morgan, C (2016) Ten-year outcomes in first episode psychotic major depression patients compared with schizophrenia and bipolar patients. Schizophrenia Research 176, 417–422.Google Scholar
Ho, B-C, Nopoulos, P, Flaum, M, Arndt, S and Andreasen, NC (1998) Two-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: predictive value of symptoms for quality of life. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 1196–1201.Google Scholar
Hopper, K, Harrison, G, Janca, A and Sartorius, N (2007) Recovery from Schizophrenia an International Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnstone, EC, Macmillan, JF, Frith, CD, Benn, DK and Crow, TJ (1990) Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes. The British Journal of Psychiatry 157, 182–189.Google Scholar
Jolley, S, Thompson, C, Hurley, J, Medin, E, Butler, L, Bebbington, P, Dunn, G, Freeman, D, Fowler, D, Kuipers, E and Garety, P (2014) Jumping to the wrong conclusions? An investigation of the mechanisms of reasoning errors in delusions. Psychiatry Research 219, 275–282.Google Scholar
Juola, P, Miettunen, J, Veijola, J, Isohanni, M and Jääskeläinen, E (2013) Predictors of short- and long-term clinical outcome in schizophrenic psychosis – the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. European Psychiatry 28, 263–268.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Fiszbein, A and Opler, LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 261–276.Google Scholar
Keefe, RSE, Eesley, CE and Poe, MP (2005) Defining a cognitive function decrement in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 57, 688–691.Google Scholar
Kuokkanen, R, Lappalainen, R, Repo-Tiihonen, E, Tiihonen, J and Aho-Mustonen, K (2016) Cognitive insight, clinical insight, and reasoning in schizophrenia: a pilot study in a forensic setting. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 16, 253–267.Google Scholar
Lam, BYH, Raine, A and Lee, TMC (2014) The relationship between neurocognition and symptomatology in people with schizophrenia: social cognition as the mediator. BMC Psychiatry 14, 138.Google Scholar
Lambert, M, Karow, A, Leucht, S, Schimmelmann, BG and Naber, D (2010) Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients’ perspective 5 years later. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, 393–407.Google Scholar
Langeveld, J, Andreassen, OA, Auestad, B, Faerden, A, Hauge, LJ, Joa, I, Johannessen, JO, Melle, I, Rund, BR, Røssberg, JI, Simonsen, E, Vaglum, P and Larsen, TK (2013) Is there an optimal factor structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in patients with first-episode psychosis? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54, 160–165.Google Scholar
Lee, J and Park, S (2005) Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, 599–611.Google Scholar
Lehtinen, V, Aaltonen, J, Koffert, T, Räkköläinen, V and Syvälahti, E (2000) Two-year outcome in first-episode psychosis treated according to an integrated model. Is immediate neuroleptisation always needed? European Psychiatry 15, 312–320.Google Scholar
Lipkovich, IA, Deberdt, W, Csernansky, JG, Sabbe, B, Keefe, RS and Kollack-Walker, S (2009) Relationships among neurocognition, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a path-analytic approach for associations at baseline and following 24 weeks of antipsychotic drug therapy. BMC Psychiatry 9, 44.Google Scholar
Lunt, L, Bramham, J, Morris, RG, Bullock, PR, Selway, RP, Xenitidis, K and David, AS (2012) Prefrontal cortex dysfunction and ‘Jumping to Conclusions’: bias or deficit? Journal of Neuropsychology 6, 65–78.Google Scholar
Lysaker, PH, Carcione, A, Dimaggio, G, Johannesen, JK, Nicolo, G, Procacci, M and Semerari, A (2005) Metacognition amidst narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia: associations with neurocognition, symptoms, insight and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112, 64–71.Google Scholar
Lysaker, PH, Gumley, A, Luedtke, B, Buck, KD, Ringer, JM, Olesek, K, Kukla, M, Leonhardt, BL, Popolo, R and Dimaggio, G (2013) Social cognition and metacognition in schizophrenia: evidence of their independence and linkage with outcomes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 127, 239–247.Google Scholar
Mallett, R, Leff, J, Bhugra, D, Pang, D and Zhao, JH (2002) Social environment, ethnicity and schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37, 329–335.Google Scholar
McGuffin, P, Farmer, A and Harvey, I (1991) A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 764.Google Scholar
McLean, BF, Mattiske, JK and Balzan, RP (2016) Association of the jumping to conclusions and evidence integration biases with delusions in psychosis: a detailed meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, 344–354.Google Scholar
Möller, H-J, Bottlender, R, Gross, A, Hoff, P, Wittmann, J, Wegner, U and Strauss, A (2002) The Kraepelinian dichotomy: preliminary results of a 15-year follow-up study on functional psychoses: focus on negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Research 56, 87–94.Google Scholar
Morgan, C, Lappin, J, Heslin, M, Donoghue, K, Lomas, B, Reininghaus, U, Onyejiaka, A, Croudace, T, Jones, PB, Murray, RM, Fearon, P, Doody, GA and Dazzan, P (2014) Reappraising the long-term course and outcome of psychotic disorders: the AESOP-10 study. Psychological Medicine 44, 2713–2726.Google Scholar
Morgan, C, Mallett, R, Hutchinson, G, Bagalkote, H, Morgan, K, Fearon, P, Dazzan, P, Boydell, J, McKenzie, K, Harrison, G, Murray, R, Jones, P, Craig, T, Leff, J and AESOP Study Group (2005 a) Pathways to care and ethnicity. 1: sample characteristics and compulsory admission. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 281–289.Google Scholar
Morgan, C, Mallett, R, Hutchinson, G, Bagalkote, H, Morgan, K, Fearon, P, Dazzan, P, Boydell, J, McKenzie, K, Harrison, G, Murray, R, Jones, P, Craig, T, Leff, J and AESOP Study Group (2005 b) Pathways to care and ethnicity. 2: source of referral and help-seeking. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 290–296.Google Scholar
Moritz, S and Woodward, TS (2005) Jumping to conclusions in delusional and non-delusional schizophrenic patients. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, 193–207.Google Scholar
Moritz, S and Woodward, TS (2007) Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20, 619–625.Google Scholar
Moritz, S, Kerstan, A, Veckenstedt, R, Randjbar, S, Vitzthum, F, Schmidt, C, Heise, M and Woodward, TS (2011) Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophrenia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 49, 151–157.Google Scholar
Moritz, S, Veckenstedt, R, Bohn, F, Hottenrott, B, Scheu, F, Randjbar, S, Aghotor, J, Köther, U, Woodward, TS, Treszl, A, Andreou, C, Pfueller, U and Roesch-Ely, D (2013) Complementary group Metacognitive Training (MCT) reduces delusional ideation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 151, 61–69.Google Scholar
Moritz, S, Andreou, C, Schneider, BC, Wittekind, CE, Menon, M, Balzan, RP and Woodward, TS (2014 a) Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Clinical Psychology Review 34, 358–366.Google Scholar
Moritz, S, Veckenstedt, R, Andreou, C, Bohn, F, Hottenrott, B, Leighton, L, Köther, U, Woodward, TS, Treszl, A, Menon, M, Schneider, BC, Pfueller, U and Roesch-Ely, D (2014 b) Sustained and ‘sleeper’ effects of group metacognitive training for schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 1103.Google Scholar
Mortimer, A, McKay, A, Quemada, I, Clare, L, Eastwood, N and McKenna, P (1996) Delusions in schizophrenia: a phenomenological and psychological exploration. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 1, 289–304.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M, Øhlenschlæger, J, Thorup, A, Petersen, L, Jeppesen, P and Bertelsen, M (2010) Deinstitutionalization revisited: a 5-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of hospital-based rehabilitation versus specialized assertive intervention (OPUS) versus standard treatment for patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Psychological Medicine 40, 1619–1626.Google Scholar
Norman, RM and Malla, AK (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological Medicine 31, 381–400.Google Scholar
O'Reilly, K, Donohoe, G, Coyle, C, O'Sullivan, D, Rowe, A, Losty, M, McDonagh, T, McGuinness, L, Ennis, Y, Watts, E, Brennan, L, Owens, E, Davoren, M, Mullaney, R, Abidin, Z and Kennedy, HG (2015) Prospective cohort study of the relationship between neuro-cognition, social cognition and violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. BMC Psychiatry 15, 155.Google Scholar
Ochoa, S, Haro, JM, Huerta-Ramos, E, Cuevas-Esteban, J, Stephan-Otto, C, Usall, J, Nieto, L and Brebion, G (2014) Relation between jumping to conclusions and cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia in contrast with healthy participants. Schizophrenia Research 159, 211–217.Google Scholar
Pinkham, AE (2014) Social cognition in schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, 14–19.Google Scholar
Revier, CJ, Reininghaus, U, Dutta, R, Fearon, P, Murray, RM, Doody, GA, Croudace, T, Dazzan, P, Heslin, M, Onyejiaka, A, Kravariti, E, Lappin, J, Lomas, B, Kirkbride, JB, Donoghue, K, Morgan, C and Jones, PB (2015) Ten-year outcomes of first-episode psychoses in the MRC ÆSOP-10 study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 203, 379–386.Google Scholar
Roberts, DL, Combs, DR, Willoughby, M, Mintz, J, Gibson, C, Rupp, B and Penn, DL (2014) A randomized, controlled trial of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 53, 281–298.Google Scholar
Ross, K, Freeman, D, Dunn, G and Garety, P (2011) A randomized experimental investigation of reasoning training for people with delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 324–333.Google Scholar
Rubio, JL, Ruiz-Veguilla, M, Hernández, L, Barrigón, ML, Salcedo, MD, Moreno, JM, Gómez, E, Moritz, S and Ferrín, M (2011) Jumping to conclusions in psychosis: a faulty appraisal. Schizophrenia Research 133, 199–204.Google Scholar
Sanford, N, Lecomte, T, Leclerc, C, Wykes, T and Woodward, TS (2013) Change in jumping to conclusions linked to change in delusions in early psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 147, 207–208.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N, Gulbinat, W, Harrison, G, Laska, E and Siegel, C (1996) Long-term follow-up of schizophrenia in 16 countries. A description of the International Study of Schizophrenia conducted by the World Health Organization. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 31, 249–258.Google Scholar
So, SH and Kwok, NT (2015) Jumping to conclusions style along the continuum of delusions: delusion-prone individuals are not hastier in decision making than healthy individuals. PLoS ONE Public Library of Science 10, e0121347.Google Scholar
So, SH, Freeman, D, Dunn, G, Kapur, S, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Fowler, D and Garety, PA (2012) Jumping to conclusions, a lack of belief flexibility and delusional conviction in psychosis: a longitudinal investigation of the structure, frequency, and relatedness of reasoning biases. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121, 129–139.Google Scholar
So, SH, Peters, ER, Swendsen, J, Garety, PA and Kapur, S (2014) Changes in delusions in the early phase of antipsychotic treatment – an experience sampling study. Psychiatry Research 215, 568–573.Google Scholar
STATACorp (2015) Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.Google Scholar
Stefanovics, EA, Elkis, H, Zhening, L, Zhang, XY and Rosenheck, RA (2014) A cross-national factor analytic comparison of three models of PANSS symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 219, 283–289.Google Scholar
Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Van Dorn, RA, Elbogen, EB, Wagner, HR, Rosenheck, RA, Stroup, TS, McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA (2006) A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 490.Google Scholar
Takei, N, Persaud, R, Woodruff, P, Brockington, I and Murray, RM (1998) First episodes of psychosis in Afro-Caribbean and White people. An 18-year follow-up population-based study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 147–153.Google Scholar
Thara, R (2004) Twenty-year course of schizophrenia: the Madras Longitudinal Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie 49, 564–569.Google Scholar
Trotta, A, Iyegbe, C, Di Forti, M, Sham, PC, Campbell, DD, Cherny, SS, Mondelli, V, Aitchison, KJ, Murray, RM, Vassos, E and Fisher, HL (2016) Interplay between schizophrenia polygenic risk score and childhood adversity in first-presentation psychotic disorder: a pilot study. PLoS ONE 11, e0163319.Google Scholar
Van Dael, F, Versmissen, D, Janssen, I, Myin-Germeys, I, van Os, J and Krabbendam, L (2006) Data gathering: biased in psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 341–351.Google Scholar
van Hooren, S, Versmissen, D, Janssen, I, Myin-Germeys, I, à Campo, J, Mengelers, R, van Os, J and Krabbendam, L (2008) Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 103, 257–265.Google Scholar
Waller, H, Freeman, D, Jolley, S, Dunn, G and Garety, P (2011) Targeting reasoning biases in delusions: a pilot study of the Maudsley Review Training Programme for individuals with persistent, high conviction delusions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 42, 414–421.Google Scholar
Wallwork, RS, Fortgang, R, Hashimoto, R, Weinberger, DR and Dickinson, D (2012) Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 137, 246–250.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D (1997) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®, 3rd Edn. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
White, C, Stirling, J, Hopkins, R, Morris, J, Montague, L, Tantam, D and Lewis, S (2009) Predictors of 10-year outcome of first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine 39, 1447–1456.Google Scholar
WHO (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. GenevaGoogle Scholar
WHO (1994) Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry: Version 2, Manual.Google Scholar
Wieselgren, IM, Lindström, E and Lindström, LH (1996) Symptoms at index admission as predictor for 1–5 year outcome in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 94, 311–319.Google Scholar
Wiffen, B, Falcone, MA, O'Connor, J, Russo, M, Murray, R and David, A (2010) Bias or deficit? Differences in IQ and insight in first episode psychosis patients who demonstrate a ‘jumping to conclusions’ response to the beads task. Schizophrenia Research 117, 446.Google Scholar
Woodward, TS, Mizrahi, R, Menon, M and Christensen, BK (2009) Correspondences between theory of mind, jumping to conclusions, neuropsychological measures and the symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 170, 119–123.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Rodriguez et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Rodriguez et al. supplementary material(File)
File 30.6 KB