Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T08:37:55.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impulsivity in disorders of food and drug misuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2014

T. B. Mole ,
M. A. Irvine ,
Y. Worbe ,
P. Collins ,
S. P. Mitchell ,
S. Bolton ,
N. A. Harrison ,
T. W. Robbins  and
V. Voon
T. B. Mole
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
M. A. Irvine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Y. Worbe
Affiliation:
Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
P. Collins
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
S. P. Mitchell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
S. Bolton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
N. A. Harrison
Affiliation:
Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
T. W. Robbins
Affiliation:
Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
V. Voon*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr V. Voon, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level E4, Box 189, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background.

Evidence suggests some overlap between the pathological use of food and drugs, yet how impulsivity compares across these different clinical disorders remains unclear. Substance use disorders are commonly characterized by elevated impulsivity, and impulsivity subtypes may show commonalities and differences in various conditions. We hypothesized that obese subjects with binge-eating disorder (BED) and abstinent alcohol-dependent cohorts would have relatively more impulsive profiles compared to obese subjects without BED. We also predicted decision impulsivity impairment in obesity with and without BED.

Method.

Thirty obese subjects with BED, 30 without BED and 30 abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects and age- and gender-matched controls were tested on delay discounting (preference for a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed reward), reflection impulsivity (rapid decision making prior to evidence accumulation) and motor response inhibition (action cancellation of a prepotent response).

Results.

All three groups had greater delay discounting relative to healthy volunteers. Both obese subjects without BED and alcohol-dependent subjects had impaired motor response inhibition. Only obese subjects without BED had impaired integration of available information to optimize outcomes over later trials with a cost condition.

Conclusions.

Delay discounting appears to be a common core impairment across disorders of food and drug intake. Unexpectedly, obese subjects without BED showed greater impulsivity than obese subjects with BED. We highlight the dissociability and heterogeneity of impulsivity subtypes and add to the understanding of neurocognitive profiles across disorders involving food and drugs. Our results have therapeutic implications suggesting that disorder-specific patterns of impulsivity could be targeted.

Keywords

Alcohol use disorderbinge-eating disorderdelay discountingimpulsivityobesitystop signal task
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 4 , March 2015 , pp. 771 - 782
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altman, SE, Shankman, SA (2009). What is the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders? Clinical Psychology Review 29, 638–646.10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.001Google Scholar
APA (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Aron, AR, Behrens, TE, Smith, S, Frank, MJ, Poldrack, RA (2007). Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 3743–3752.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007Google Scholar
Aron, AR, Fletcher, PC, Bullmore, ET, Sahakian, BJ, Robbins, TW (2003). Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nature Neuroscience 6, 115–116.10.1038/nn1003Google Scholar
Avena, NM (2011). Food and addiction: implications and relevance to eating disorders and obesity. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 4, 131–132.10.2174/1874473711104030131Google Scholar
Avena, NM, Rada, P, Hoebel, BG (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32, 20–39.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019Google Scholar
Babor, TF, Grant, M (1989). From clinical research to secondary prevention: international collaboration in the development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Alcohol Health and Research World 13, 371–374.Google Scholar
Beck, AT, Steer, RA, Ball, R, Ranieri, W (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment 67, 588–597.10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13Google Scholar
Bickel, WK, Koffarnus, MN, Moody, L, Wilson, AG (2013). The behavioral- and neuro-economic process of temporal discounting: A candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Neuropharmacology 76, 518–527.10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.013Google Scholar
Bjork, JM, Hommer, DW, Grant, SJ, Danube, C (2004). Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1–/type 2–like traits. Alcohol 34, 133–150.10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.012Google Scholar
Bobova, L, Finn, PR, Rickert, ME, Lucas, J (2009). Disinhibitory psychopathology and delay discounting in alcohol dependence: personality and cognitive correlates. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 17, 51.Google Scholar
Braet, C, Claus, L, Verbeken, S, Van Vlierberghe, L (2007). Impulsivity in overweight children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 16, 473–483.10.1007/s00787-007-0623-2Google Scholar
Carnell, S, Gibson, C, Benson, L, Ochner, CN, Geliebter, A (2012). Neuroimaging and obesity: current knowledge and future directions. Obesity Reviews 13, 43–56.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00927.xGoogle Scholar
Caswell, AJ, Morgan, MJ, Duka, T (2013 a). Acute alcohol effects on subtypes of impulsivity and the role of alcohol-outcome expectancies. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 229, 21–30.10.1007/s00213-013-3079-8Google Scholar
Caswell, AJ, Morgan, MJ, Duka, T (2013 b). Inhibitory control contributes to ‘motor’ – but not ‘cognitive’ – impulsivity. Experimental Psychology 60, 324–334.10.1027/1618-3169/a000202Google Scholar
Christakou, A, Robbins, TW, Everitt, BJ (2004). Prefrontal cortical–ventral striatal interactions involved in affective modulation of attentional performance: implications for corticostriatal circuit function. Journal of Neuroscience 24, 773–780.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0949-03.2004Google Scholar
Clark, L, Robbins, TW, Ersche, KD, Sahakian, BJ (2006). Reflection impulsivity in current and former substance users. Biological Psychiatry 60, 515–522.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.007Google Scholar
Dalley, JW, Everitt, BJ, Robbins, TW (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 69, 680–694.10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020Google Scholar
Dalley, JW, Fryer, TD, Brichard, L, Robinson, ESJ, Theobald, DEH, Lääne, K, Peña, Y, Murphy, ER, Shah, Y, Probst, K (2007). Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315, 1267–1270.10.1126/science.1137073Google Scholar
Davis, C, Patte, K, Curtis, C, Reid, C (2010). Immediate pleasures and future consequences. A neuropsychological study of binge eating and obesity. Appetite 54, 208–213.10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.002Google Scholar
Dawe, S, Gullo, MJ, Loxton, NJ (2004). Reward drive and rash impulsiveness as dimensions of impulsivity: implications for substance misuse. Addictive Behaviors 29, 1389–1405.10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.004Google Scholar
de Ruiter, MB, Oosterlaan, J, Veltman, DJ, van den Brink, W, Goudriaan, AE (2012). Similar hyporesponsiveness of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in problem gamblers and heavy smokers during an inhibitory control task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 121, 81–89.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.010Google Scholar
de Zwaan, M, Mitchell, JE, Seim, HC, Specker, SM, Pyle, RL, Raymond, NC, Crosby, RB (1994). Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 15, 43–52.Google Scholar
Desbonnet, L, Temel, Y, Visser-Vandewalle, V, Blokland, A, Hornikx, V, Steinbusch, HWM (2004). Premature responding following bilateral stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is amplitude and frequency dependent. Brain Research 1008, 198–204.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.032Google Scholar
Eagle, DM, Lehmann, O, Theobald, DEH, Pena, Y, Zakaria, R, Ghosh, R, Dalley, JW, Robbins, TW (2009). Serotonin depletion impairs waiting but not stop-signal reaction time in rats: implications for theories of the role of 5-HT in behavioral inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 1311–1321.10.1038/npp.2008.202Google Scholar
Eagle, DM, Robbins, TW (2003). Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex or nucleus accumbens core do not impair inhibitory control in rats performing a stop-signal reaction time task. Behavioural Brain Research 146, 131–144.Google Scholar
Ersche, KD, Jones, PS, Williams, GB, Turton, AJ, Robbins, TW, Bullmore, ET (2012). Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science 335, 601–604.10.1126/science.1214463Google Scholar
Evenden, JL (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 146, 348–361.Google Scholar
Fernández-Aranda, F, Jiménez-Murcia, S, Álvarez-Moya, EM, Granero, R, Vallejo, J, Bulik, CM (2006). Impulse control disorders in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications. Comprehensive Psychiatry 47, 482–488.Google Scholar
Furl, N, Averbeck, BB (2011). Parietal cortex and insula relate to evidence seeking relevant to reward-related decisions. The Journal of Neuroscience 31, 17572–17582.Google Scholar
Furlong, TM, Jayaweera, HK, Balleine, BW, Corbit, LH (2014). Binge-like consumption of a palatable food accelerates habitual control of behavior and is dependent on activation of the dorsolateral striatum. Journal of Neuroscience 34, 5012–5022.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3707-13.2014Google Scholar
Gormally, J, Black, S, Daston, S, Rardin, D (1982). The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addictive Behaviors 7, 47–55.10.1016/0306-4603(82)90024-7Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR, Schreiber, LR, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW (2011). Selective decision-making deficits in at-risk gamblers. Psychiatry Research 189, 115–120.Google Scholar
Gubner, NR, Wilhelm, CJ, Phillips, TJ, Mitchell, SH (2010). Strain differences in behavioral inhibition in a Go/No-go task demonstrated using 15 inbred mouse strains. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34, 1353–1362.Google Scholar
Guerrieri, R, Nederkoorn, C, Jansen, A (2007 a). The interaction between impulsivity and a varied food environment: its influence on food intake and overweight. International Journal of Obesity 32, 708–714.Google Scholar
Guerrieri, R, Nederkoorn, C, Stankiewicz, K, Alberts, H, Geschwind, N, Martijn, C, Jansen, A (2007 b). The influence of trait and induced state impulsivity on food intake in normal-weight healthy women. Appetite 49, 66–73.10.1016/j.appet.2006.11.008Google Scholar
Harrison, AA, Everitt, BJ, Robbins, TW (1997). Central 5-HT depletion enhances impulsive responding without affecting the accuracy of attentional performance: interactions with dopaminergic mechanisms. Psychopharmacology 133, 329–342.Google Scholar
Hendrick, OM, Luo, X, Zhang, S, Li, CSR (2012). Saliency processing and obesity: a preliminary imaging study of the stop signal task. Obesity 20, 1796–1802.10.1038/oby.2011.180Google Scholar
Irvine, MA, Worbe, Y, Bolton, S, Harrison, NA, Bullmore, ET, Voon, V (2013). Impaired decisional impulsivity in pathological videogamers. PLoS ONE 8, e75914.Google Scholar
Joos, L, Goudriaan, AE, Schmaal, L, Fransen, E, van den Brink, W, Sabbe, BGC, Dom, G (2013 a). Effect of modafinil on impulsivity and relapse in alcohol dependent patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology 23, 948–955.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.004Google Scholar
Joos, L, Schmaal, L, Goudriaan, AE, Fransen, E, den Brink, W, Sabbe, BGC, Dom, G (2013 b). Age of onset and neuropsychological functioning in alcohol dependent inpatients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37, 407–416.10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01949.xGoogle Scholar
Kareken, DA, Dzemidzic, M, Wetherill, L, Eiler Ii, W, Oberlin, BG, Harezlak, J, Wang, Y, O'Connor, SJ (2013). Family history of alcoholism interacts with alcohol to affect brain regions involved in behavioral inhibition. Psychopharmacology 228, 335–345.10.1007/s00213-013-3038-4Google Scholar
Kirby, KN, Petry, NM, Bickel, WK (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128, 78–87.10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78Google Scholar
Kleiner, KD, Gold, MS, Frostpineda, K, Lenzbrunsman, B, Perri, MG, Jacobs, WS (2004). Body mass index and alcohol use. Journal of Addictive Diseases 23, 105–118.10.1300/J069v23n03_08Google Scholar
Koffarnus, MN, Jarmolowicz, DP, Mueller, ET, Bickel, WK (2013). Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 99, 32–57.Google Scholar
Kulendran, M, Vlaev, I, Sugden, C, King, D, Ashrafian, H, Gately, P, Darzi, A (2013). Neuropsychological assessment as a predictor of weight loss in obese adolescents. International Journal of Obesity 38, 507–512.10.1038/ijo.2013.198Google Scholar
Lawrence, AJ, Luty, J, Bogdan, NA, Sahakian, BJ, Clark, L (2009 a). Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 207, 163–172.10.1007/s00213-009-1645-xGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, AJ, Luty, J, Bogdan, NA, Sahakian, BJ, Clark, L (2009 b). Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals. Addiction 104, 1006–1015.Google Scholar
Li, CS, Luo, X, Yan, P, Bergquist, K, Sinha, R (2009). Altered impulse control in alcohol dependence: neural measures of stop signal performance. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 33, 740–750.Google Scholar
Lipszyc, J, Schachar, R (2010). Inhibitory control and psychopathology: a meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, 1064–1076.10.1017/S1355617710000895Google Scholar
Loeber, S, Duka, T (2009). Acute alcohol impairs conditioning of a behavioural reward-seeking response and inhibitory control processes—implications for addictive disorders. Addiction 104, 2013–2022.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02718.xGoogle Scholar
Logan, GD, Cowan, WB, Davis, KA (1984). On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10, 276–291.Google Scholar
MacKillop, J, Miranda, R Jr., Monti, PM, Ray, LA, Murphy, JG, Rohsenow, DJ, McGeary, JE, Swift, RM, Tidey, JW, Gwaltney, CJ (2010). Alcohol demand, delayed reward discounting, and craving in relation to drinking and alcohol use disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, 106.10.1037/a0017513Google Scholar
Manwaring, JL, Green, L, Myerson, J, Strube, MJ, Wilfley, DE (2011). Discounting of various types of rewards by women with and without binge eating disorder: evidence for general rather than specific differences. Psychological Record 61, 561–582.10.1007/BF03395777Google Scholar
Mather, AA, Cox, BJ, Enns, MW, Sareen, J (2008). Associations between body weight and personality disorders in a nationally representative sample. Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 1012–1019.Google Scholar
McCarthy, DM, Niculete, ME, Treloar, HR, Morris, DH, Bartholow, BD (2012). Acute alcohol effects on impulsivity: associations with drinking and driving behavior. Addiction 107, 2109–2114.Google Scholar
Moallem, N, Ray, LA (2012). Quetiapine improves response inhibition in alcohol dependent patients: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 100, 490–493.10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.012Google Scholar
Mobbs, O, Iglesias, K, Golay, A, Van der Linden, M (2011). Cognitive deficits in obese persons with and without binge eating disorder. Investigation using a mental flexibility task. Appetite 57, 263–271.Google Scholar
Montigny, C, Castellanos-Ryan, N, Whelan, R, Banaschewski, T, Barker, GJ, Büchel, C, Gallinat, J, Flor, H, Mann, K, Paillère-Martinot, M-L, Nees, F, Lathrop, M, Loth, E, Paus, T, Pausova, Z, Rietschel, M, Schumann, G, Smolka, MN, Struve, M, Robbins, TW, Garavan, H, Conrod, PJ, and the IMAGEM Consortium (2013). A phenotypic structure and neural correlates of compulsive behaviors in adolescents. PLoS ONE 8, e80151.Google Scholar
Nasser, JA, Gluck, ME, Geliebter, A (2004). Impulsivity and test meal intake in obese binge eating women. Appetite 43, 303–307.10.1016/j.appet.2004.04.006Google Scholar
Nederkoorn, C, Jansen, E, Mulkens, S, Jansen, A (2007). Impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in obese children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, 1071–1075.10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.009Google Scholar
Nederkoorn, C, Smulders, FT, Havermans, RC, Roefs, A, Jansen, A (2006). Impulsivity in obese women. Appetite 47, 253–256.10.1016/j.appet.2006.05.008Google Scholar
Nelson, HE (1982). National Adult Reading Test: Test Manual. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys: Windsor.Google Scholar
Nombela, C, Rittman, T, Robbins, TW, Rowe, JB (2014). Multiple modes of impulsivity in Parkinson's disease. PLoS ONE 9, e85747.10.1371/journal.pone.0085747Google Scholar
Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Kim, SW, Schreiber, LR, Grant, JE (2011). A neurocognitive comparison of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in gamblers with varying degrees of clinical severity. Psychological Medicine 41, 2111–2119.Google Scholar
Oliver, YP, Ripley, TL, Stephens, DN (2009). Ethanol effects on impulsivity in two mouse strains: similarities to diazepam and ketamine. Psychopharmacology 204, 679–692.10.1007/s00213-009-1500-0Google Scholar
Perry, JL, Carroll, ME (2008). The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse. Psychopharmacology 200, 1–26.Google Scholar
Peters, J, Büchel, C (2011). The neural mechanisms of inter-temporal decision-making: understanding variability. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, 227–239.Google Scholar
Petry, NM (2001). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology 154, 243–250.10.1007/s002130000638Google Scholar
Pothuizen, HHJ, Jongen-Rêlo, AL, Feldon, J, Yee, BK (2005). Double dissociation of the effects of selective nucleus accumbens core and shell lesions on impulsive-choice behaviour and salience learning in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 22, 2605–2616.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04388.xGoogle Scholar
Ramaekers, JG, Theunissen, EL, de Brouwer, M, Toennes, SW, Moeller, MR, Kauert, G (2011). Tolerance and cross-tolerance to neurocognitive effects of THC and alcohol in heavy cannabis users. Psychopharmacology 214, 391–401.10.1007/s00213-010-2042-1Google Scholar
Ray Li, C-S, Yan, P, Sinha, R, Lee, T-W (2008). Subcortical processes of motor response inhibition during a stop signal task. Neuroimage 41, 1352–1363.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.023Google Scholar
Riggs, NR, Spruijt-Metz, D, Chou, C-P, Pentz, MA (2012). Relationships between executive cognitive function and lifetime substance use and obesity-related behaviors in fourth grade youth. Child Neuropsychology 18, 1–11.10.1080/09297049.2011.555759Google Scholar
Risterucci, C, Terramorsi, D, Nieoullon, A, Amalric, M (2003). Excitotoxic lesions of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas of the rodent prefrontal cortex disrupt motor preparatory processes. European Journal of Neuroscience 17, 1498–1508.Google Scholar
Robbins, TW (2007). Shifting and stopping: fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 362, 917–932.10.1098/rstb.2007.2097Google Scholar
Robbins, TW, Gillan, CM, Smith, DG, de Wit, S, Ersche, KD (2012). Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16, 81–91.10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.009Google Scholar
Rubio, G, Martínez-Gras, I, Manzanares, J (2009). Modulation of impulsivity by topiramate: implications for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29, 584–589.10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181bfdb79Google Scholar
Schag, K, Schonleber, J, Teufel, M, Zipfel, S, Giel, KE (2013 a). Food-related impulsivity in obesity and binge eating disorder – a systematic review. Obesity Reviews 14, 477–495.Google Scholar
Schag, K, Teufel, M, Junne, F, Preissl, H, Hautzinger, M, Zipfel, S, Giel, KE (2013 b). Impulsivity in binge eating disorder: food cues elicit increased reward responses and disinhibition. PLoS ONE 8, e76542.10.1371/journal.pone.0076542Google Scholar
Schmaal, L, Joos, L, Koeleman, M, Veltman, DJ, van den Brink, W, Goudriaan, AE (2013). Effects of modafinil on neural correlates of response inhibition in alcohol-dependent patients. Biological Psychiatry 73, 211–218.10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.032Google Scholar
Schmidt, F, Körber, S, Zwaan, M, Müller, A (2012). Impulse control disorders in obese patients. European Eating Disorders Review 20, e144–e147.Google Scholar
Sheehan, DV, Lecrubier, Y, Sheehan, KH, Amorim, P, Janavs, J, Weiller, E, Hergueta, T, Baker, R, Dunbar, GC (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59, 22–33.Google Scholar
Solowij, N, Jones, KA, Rozman, ME, Davis, SM, Ciarrochi, J, Heaven, PCL, Pesa, N, Lubman, DI, Yücel, M (2012). Reflection impulsivity in adolescent cannabis users: a comparison with alcohol-using and non-substance-using adolescents. Psychopharmacology 219, 575–586.Google Scholar
Svaldi, J, Naumann, E, Trentowska, M, Schmitz, F (2014). General and food-specific inhibitory deficits in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 47, 534–542.Google Scholar
Tabibnia, G, Monterosso, JR, Baicy, K, Aron, AR, Poldrack, RA, Chakrapani, S, Lee, B, London, ED (2011). Different forms of self-control share a neurocognitive substrate. Journal of Neuroscience 31, 4805–4810.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2859-10.2011Google Scholar
Verbeken, S, Braet, C, Claus, L, Nederkoorn, C, Oosterlaan, J (2009). Childhood obesity and impulsivity: an investigation with performance-based measures. Behaviour Change 26, 153–167.10.1375/bech.26.3.153Google Scholar
Voon, V, Derbyshire, K, Rück, C, Irvine, MA, Worbe, Y, Enander, J, Schreiber, LRN, Gillan, C, Fineberg, NA, Sahakian, BJ (2014 a). Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits. Molecular Psychiatry. Published online: 20 May 2014. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.4427.Google Scholar
Voon, V, Irvine, MA, Derbyshire, K, Worbe, Y, Lange, I, Abbott, S, Morein-Zamir, S, Dudley, R, Caprioli, D, Harrison, NA (2014 b). Measuring ‘waiting’ impulsivity in substance addictions and binge eating disorder in a novel analogue of rodent serial reaction time task. Biological Psychiatry 75, 148–155.Google Scholar
Walker, SE, Peña-Oliver, Y, Stephens, DN (2011). Learning not to be impulsive: disruption by experience of alcohol withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 217, 433–442.10.1007/s00213-011-2298-0Google Scholar
Wang, GJ, Geliebter, A, Volkow, ND, Telang, FW, Logan, J, Jayne, MC, Galanti, K, Selig, PA, Han, H, Zhu, W (2011). Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity 19, 1601–1608.10.1038/oby.2011.27Google Scholar
Weijers, HG, Wiesbeck, GA, Boning, J (2001). Reflection-impulsivity, personality and performance: a psychometric and validity study of the Matching Familiar Figures Test in detoxified alcoholics. Personality and Individual Differences 31, 731–754.10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00175-6Google Scholar
Weller, RE, Cook, EW, Avsar, KB, Cox, JE (2008). Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women. Appetite 51, 563–569.10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.010Google Scholar
Whiteside, SP, Lynam, DR (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences 30, 669–689.Google Scholar
Worbe, Y, Savulich, G, Voon, V, Fernandez-Egea, E, Robbins, TW (2014). Serotonin depletion induces ‘Waiting Impulsivity’ on the human four-choice serial reaction time task: cross-species translational significance. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online: 2 January 2014. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.351.Google Scholar
Wu, M, Giel, KE, Skunde, M, Schag, K, Rudofsky, G, Zwaan, M, Zipfel, S, Herzog, W, Friederich, HC (2013). Inhibitory control and decision making under risk in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 46, 721–728.10.1002/eat.22143Google Scholar
Yan, P, Li, C-SR (2009). Decreased amygdala activation during risk taking in non-dependent habitual alcohol users: a preliminary fMRI study of the stop signal task. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 35, 284–289.Google Scholar
Zack, M, Woodford, TM, Tremblay, AM, Steinberg, L, Zawertailo, LA, Busto, UE (2011). Stress and alcohol cues exert conjoint effects on go and stop signal responding in male problem drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology 36, 445–458.10.1038/npp.2010.177Google Scholar
Ziauddeen, H, Farooqi, IS, Fletcher, PC (2012). Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 279–286.10.1038/nrn3212Google Scholar