Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T04:10:30.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early mental health morbidity and later smoking at age 17 years

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2011

S. R. Zubrick ,
D. Lawrence ,
F. Mitrou ,
D. Christensen  and
C. L. Taylor
S. R. Zubrick*
Affiliation:
Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia
D. Lawrence
Affiliation:
Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia
F. Mitrou
Affiliation:
Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia
D. Christensen
Affiliation:
Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia
C. L. Taylor
Affiliation:
Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Stephen R. Zubrick, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

We examined the relationship between the onset and pattern of childhood mental health disorders and subsequent current smoking status at age 17 years.

Method

Data were from a prospective cohort study of 2868 births of which 1064 supplied information about their current smoking at 17 years of age. The association between the onset and pattern of clinically significant mental health disorders in the child and subsequent smoking at age 17 years was estimated via multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Relative to 17 year olds who never had an externalizing disorder, 17-year-olds who had an externalizing disorder at age 5, 8 or 14 years were, respectively, 2.0 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–3.25], 1.9 (95% CI 1.00–3.65) or 3.9 times (95% CI 1.73–8.72) more likely to be a current smoker. Children with an ongoing pattern of externalizing disorder were 3.0 times (95% CI 1.89–4.84) more likely to be smokers at the age of 17 years and those whose mothers reported daily consumption of 6–10 cigarettes at 18 weeks' gestation were 2.5 times (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.26–4.83) more likely to report smoking at 17 years of age. Associations with early anxiety and depression in the child were not found.

Conclusions

Current smoking in 17-year-olds may be underpinned by early emergent, and then, ongoing, externalizing disorder that commenced as young as age 5 years as well as exposure to early prenatal maternal smoking. The associations documented in adults and adolescents that link tobacco smoking and mental health are likely to be in play at these early points in development.

Keywords

Adolescent smokingchildhoodexternalizing disordersinternalizing disorderslongitudinal analysis
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 5 , May 2012 , pp. 1103 - 1115
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, TM (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry: Burlington.Google Scholar
Achenbach, TM, Edelbrock, C, Howell, CT (1987). Empirically based assessment of the behavioural/emotional problems of 2- and 3-year-old children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 15, 629–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albers, AB, Siegel, M, Cheng, DM, Biener, L, Rigotti, NA (2007). Effect of smoking regulations in local restaurants on smokers' anti-smoking attitudes and quitting behaviours. Tobacco Control 16, 101–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashford, J, Van Lier, PAC, Timmermans, M, Cuijpers, P, Koot, HM (2008). Prenatal smoking and internalizing and externalizing problems in children studied from childhood to late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47, 779–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beiner, L, Reimer, R, Wakefield, M, Szczypka, G, Rigotti, NA, Connolly, G (2006). Impact of smoking cessation aids and mass media among recent quitters. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30, 217–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boden, JM, Fergusson, DM, Horwood, LJ (2010). Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 440–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brennan, PA, Grekin, ER, Mednick, SA (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult male criminal outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N, Peterson, EL (1996). Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiation of cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. American Journal of Public Health 86, 214–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N, Peterson, EL, Schultz, LR, Chilcoat, HD, Andreski, P (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, RA, Lewinsohn, PM, Seeley, JR, Wagner, EF (1996). Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1602–1610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaiton, M, Cohen, J, O'Loughlin, J, Rehm, J (2009). A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents. BMC Public Health 9, 356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Onise, K, Lynch, JW, Sawyer, MG, McDermott, RA (2010). Can preschool improve child health outcomes? A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine 70, 1423–1440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Onofrio, BM, Van Hulle, CA, Waldman, ID, Rodgers, JL, Harden, KP, Rathouz, ID, Lahey, BB (2008). Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: an exploration of genetic and environmental confounds. Development and Psychopathology 20, 139–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrelly, MC, Davis, KC, Haviland, ML, Messeri, P, Healton, CG (2005). Evidence of a dose–response relationship between ‘truth’ antismoking ads and youth smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health 95, 425–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, DM, Lynskey, MT, Horwood, LJ (1996). Co-morbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 1043–1047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fergusson, DM, Woodward, L, Horwood, LJ (1998). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 721–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, A (1993). Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 546–553.Google ScholarPubMed
Goodman, E, Capitman, J (2000). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 106, 748–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hancock, GR, Mueller, RO (2001). Rethinking construct reliability with latent variable systems. In Structural Equation Modelling: Present and Future (ed. Cudeck, R., Du Toit, S. and Sörbom, D.), pp. 195–218. Scientific Software International, Inc.: Lincoln, IL.Google Scholar
Hastie, T, Tibshirani, R (1986). Generalized additive models. Statistical Science 1, 297–318.Google Scholar
Hemmingsson, T, Kriebel, D, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Lundberg, I (2008). Adolescent mental health predicts quitting smoking in adulthood: a longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Public Health 18, 66–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, JG, Cohen, P, Pine, DS, Klein, DF, Kasen, S, Brook, JS (2000). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 2348–2351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Neale, MC, Maclean, CJ, Heath, AC, Eaves, LJ, Kessler, RC (1993). Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 36–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC (2004). The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry 56, 730–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, D, Mitrou, FG, Zubrick, SR (2011). Non-specific psychological distress, smoking status and smoking cessation: United States National Health Interview Survey 2005. BMC Public Health 11, 256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, DM, Considine, J, Mitrou, FG, Zubrick, SR (2010). Anxiety disorders and cigarette smoking: results from the Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 44, 520–527.Google ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, DM, Mitrou, FG, Zubrick, SR (2009). Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States. BMC Public Health 9, 285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewit, EM, Hyland, A, Kerrebrock, N, Cummings, KM (1997). Price, public policy, and smoking in young people. Tobacco Control 6, S17–S24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovibond, SH, Lovibond, PF (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia: Sydney.Google Scholar
McDowell, I, Praught, E (1982). On the measurement of happiness: an examination of the Bradburn Scale in the Canada Health Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology 116, 949–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newnham, JP, Evans, SF, Michael, CA, Stanley, FJ, Landau, LI (1993). Effects of frequent ultrasound during pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 342, 887–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patton, GC, Carlin, JB, Coffey, C, Wolfe, R, Hibbert, M, Bowes, G (1998). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. American Journal of Public Health 88, 1518–1522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, JP, Macaskill, P, Hill, D (1990). Long-term effectiveness of mass media-led anti-smoking campaigns in Australia. American Journal of Public Health 80, 565–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghunathan, TE, Lepkowski, JM, Van Hoewyk, J, Solenberger, P (2001). A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey Methodology 27, 85–95.Google Scholar
Raghunathan, TE, Solenberger, PW, Van Hoewyk, J (2002). IVEware: Imputation and Variance Estimation Software User Guide. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Robinson, M, McLean, N, Oddy, WH, Mattes, E, Bulsara, M, Li, J, Zubrick, SR, Stanley, FJ, Newnham, JP (2010). Smoking cessation in pregnancy reduces the risk of child behavioural problems: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64, 622–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, K (2006). The Measurement of Composite Variables from Multiple Indicators: Applications in Quality Assurance and Accreditation Systems – Childcare. Australian Council for Educational Research: Melbourne.Google Scholar
Rubin, DB (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafey, O, Dolwick, S, Guindon, G (eds.) (2003). Tobacco Control Country Profiles. American Cancer Society, World Health Organization, International Union Against Cancer: Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
World Bank (1999). Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. World Bank: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wu, LT, Anthony, JC (1999). Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 89, 1837–1840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziedonis, D, Hitsman, B, Beckham, JC, Zvolensky, M, Adler, LE, Audrain-McGovern, J, Breslau, N, Brown, RA, George, TP, Williams, J, Calhoun, PS, Riley, WT (2008). Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 10, 1691–1715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zubrick, SR, Silburn, SR, Gurrin, L, Teoh, H, Shepherd, C, Carlton, J, Lawrence, D (1997). Western Australian Child Health Survey: Education, Health and Competence. Australian Bureau of Statistics and the TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research: Perth, WA.Google Scholar