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Depression and memory function – evidence from cross-lagged panel models with unit fixed effects in ELSA and HRS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 September 2020

Christoph Jindra Open the ORCID record for Christoph Jindra [Opens in a new window] ,
Chenlu Li ,
Ruby S. M. Tsang ,
Sarah Bauermeister  and
John Gallacher
Christoph Jindra*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
Chenlu Li
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
Ruby S. M. Tsang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
Sarah Bauermeister
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
John Gallacher
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
*
Author for correspondence: Christoph Jindra, E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Background

Individuals with depression are often found to perform worse on cognitive tests and to have an increased risk of dementia. The causes and the direction of these associations are however not well understood. We looked at two specific hypotheses, the aetiological risk factor hypothesis and the reverse causality hypothesis.

Method

We analysed observational data from two cohorts, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and Health and Retirement Study (HRS), using cross-lagged panel models with unit fixed effects. Each model was run once with depression and repeated with cognition as the dependent variable and the other variable as the main explanatory variable. All models were estimated separately for contemporaneous effects and lagged effects up to 8 years in the past. We contrasted the results with models making the random effects assumption.

Results

Evidence from the fixed effects models is mixed. We find no evidence for the reverse causality hypothesis in ELSA and HRS. While there is no evidence for the aetiological risk factors hypothesis in ELSA, results from HRS indicate some effects.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that current levels of cognitive function do not influence future levels of depression. Results in HRS provide some evidence that current levels of depressive symptoms influence future cognition.

Keywords

Cognitioncross-lagged panel modelsdepressionELSAHRSfixed effects
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 8 , June 2022 , pp. 1428 - 1436
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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