Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:50:59.702Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Depressed affect as a cause of associated somatic problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Berthold Brenner*
Affiliation:
Center for Epidemiologic Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Berthold Brenner, Center for Epidemiologic Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Room 10C-O9, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Md 20857, USA.

Synopsis

Depressed affect as a cause of associated somatic problems is explored by means of data on affect, appetite, energy, and sleep collected from a community sample and from subsamples contacted after each of several time lags. The analysis of the data indicates that depressed affect is a cause of the major somatic problems associated with it. It is suspected that depressed affect involves continuing high density neural firing which, over a period of months, causes a reduction of post- synaptic biogenic amine receptor cell sensitivity in the brainstem, with the diencephalon as the major site. This results in a functional impairment responsible for the somatic problems.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S. (1979). A biobehavioral model of depression. In The Psychobiology of the Depressive Disorders: Implications for the Effects of Stress (ed. Depue, R. A.). Academic Press: New York. (In the press.)Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. & McKinney, W. T. (1975). Overview of recent research in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 285305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashcroft, G. W., Eccleston, D., Murray, L. G., Glen, A. I. M., Crawford, T. B. B., Pullar, I. A., Shields, P. J., Walter, D. S., Blackburn, I. M., Connechan, J. & Lonergan, M. (1972). Modified amine hypothesis for the aetiology of affective illness. Lancet ii, 573577.Google Scholar
Axelrod, J. (1977). Catecholaminergic systems in the brain. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 56, Suppl. 64, 8591.Google Scholar
Baldessarini, R. J. (1975). An overview of the basis for amine hypotheses in affective illness. In The Psychobiology of Depression (ed. Mendels, J.), pp. 6983. Spectrum Publications: New York.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1967): Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. Harper & Row: New York.Google Scholar
Blalock, H. M. (1964). Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, N.C.Google Scholar
Brenner, B. (1975 a). Enjoyment as a preventive of depressive affect. Journal of Community Psychology 3, 346357.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, B. (1975 b). Quality of affect and self-evaluated happiness. Social Indicators Research 2, 315331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunney, W. E., Post, R. M., Anderson, A. E. & Kopanda, R. T. (1977). A neuronal receptor sensitivity mechanism in affective illness. Communications in Psychopharmacology 1, 393405.Google Scholar
Comstock, G. W. & Helsing, K. J. (1976). Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychological Medicine 6, 551563.Google Scholar
Craig, T. J. & Van Natta, P. A. (1976). Presence and persistence of depressive symptoms in patient and community populations. American Journal of Psychiatry 133, 14261429.Google Scholar
Davis, J. (1967). A partial coefficient for Goodman and Kruskal's gamma. Journal of the American Statistical Association 62, 189193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettigi, P. G. & Brown, G. M. (1977). Psychoendocrinology of affective disorder: an overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 134, 493501.Google Scholar
Everitt, B. S., Gourlay, A. J. & Kendell, R. E. (1971). An attempt at validation of traditional psychiatric syndromes by cluster analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 119, 399412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, W. W. (1976). Variable sensitivity of excitable cells: possible mechanisms and biological significance. In Reviews of Neuroscience vol. 2 (ed. Ehrenpreis, S. and Kopin, I. J.), pp. 4390. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Fleming, W. W., McPhillips, J. J. & Westfall, D. P. (1973). Postjunctional supersensitivity and subsensitivity of excitable tissues of drugs. Review of Physiology, Biochemistry and Experimental Pharmacology 68, 55119.Google Scholar
Frazer, A. (1975). Adrenergic responses in depression: implications for a receptor defect. In The Psychobiology of Depression (ed. Mendels, J.), pp. 726. Spectrum Publications: New York.Google Scholar
Friedhoff, A. J. (1977). Receptor sensitivity modification (RSM) – a new paradigm for the potential treatment of some hormonal and transmitter disturbances. Comprehensive Psychiatry 18, 309317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedhoff, A. J. & Alpert, M. (1978). Receptor sensitivity modification as a potential treatment. In Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A. and Killam, K. F.), pp. 797801. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Heise, D. R. (1970). Causal inferences from panel data. In Sociological Methodology 1970 (ed. Borgatta, E. F.), pp. 327. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1969). Biogenic amines and the states of sleep. Science 163, 3241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. (1972). Cross-lagged and synchronous common factors in panel data. In Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences (ed. Goldberger, A. S. and Duncan, O. D.), pp. 153165. Seminar Press: New York.Google Scholar
Kenny, D. (1975). Cross-lagged panel correlation: a test for spuriousness. Psychological Bulletin 82, 887903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C. (1977). Rethinking the 16-fold table problem. Social Science Research 6, 84107.Google Scholar
Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1972). Mutual effects of statistical variables. In Continuities in the Language of Social Research (ed. Lazarsfeld, P. F., Pasanella, A. K. and Rosenberg, M.), pp. 388415. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar
Pollitt, J. D. (1965). Suggestions for a physiological classification of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 111, 489495.Google Scholar
Prange, A. J., Wilson, I. C., Knox, A. E., McClane, T. K., Breese, G. R., Martin, B. R., Alltop, L. B. & Lipton, M. A. (1972). Thyroid–imipramine clinical and chemical interaction: evidence for a receptor deficit in depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research 9, 187205.Google Scholar
Quade, D. (1974). Nonparametric partial correlation. In Measurement in the Social Sciences (ed. Blalock, H.), pp. 369398. Aldine: Chicago.Google Scholar
Quade, D. (1977). On Comparing Two Gammas from One Sample. Institute of Statistics Mimeo Series No. 1111. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina: Chapel Hill, N.C.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1, 385401.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1968). The Logic of Survey Analysis. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Mushrush, G., Perlow, M., Weitzman, E. D. & Sassin, J. (1972). Growth hormone responses to L-dopa in depressed patients. Science 178, 13041305.Google Scholar
Schuyler, D. (1974). The Depressive Spectrum. Jason Aronson: New York.Google Scholar
Slagen, J. L. & Miller, N. E. (1969). Pharmacological tests for the function of hypothalamic norepinephrine in eating behavior. Physiology and Behavior 4, 543552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susser, M. (1973). Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, Imagery, Consciousness, vol. 1, The Positive Affects. Springer: New York.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. & Newberry, P. (1975). Comparison of the CES- D with Standardized Depression Rating Scales at Three Points in Time. Technical report prepared under NIMH contract ASH-74–166. Yale University: New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Sholomskas, D., Pottenger, M., Prusoff, B. A. & Locke, B. Z. (1977). Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. American Journal of Epidemiology 106, 203214.Google Scholar
Wyatt, R. J. (1972). The serotonin–catecholamine–dream bicycle: a clinical study. Biological Psychiatry 5, 3364.Google Scholar