Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:19:32.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Costing mental health services

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Martin Knapp*
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury
Jeni Beecham
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury
*
1Address for correspondence: Professor Martin Knapp, Personal Social Services Research Unit, Cornwallis Building, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF.

Synopsis

In this paper four principal topics are addressed: (a) the policy and political contexts in which demands arise for cost information; (b) the nature and phasing of those demands; (c) the basic rules of empirical costs research for meeting those demands; and (d) concomitant implications for the design, execution and interpretation of their research. Mental health care policy or practice changes which ignore costs, or which embody cost information without obeying or recognizing the four basic rules, can only be of dubious validity, or can only be used to answer a limited range of questions. But, as the illustrative studies show, it need not be an horrendous, or ideologically compromising or scientifically complex task to add a cost dimension to the evaluation of mental health services. There are enough examples in the literature of bad costs research to demonstrate that it is not as simple as some people think, but there are also enough examples of good research t o encourage further attempts.

Type
Orginal Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Audit Commission (1986). Making a Reality of Community Care. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Beecham, J. & Thomason, C. (1988). Supporting people with long-term needs in the community. In Social Security and Community Care (ed Baldwin, Sally, Parker, Gillian and Walker, Robert), pp. 150164. Avebury: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Casmas, S. T. (1976). Inter-hospital and Inter-local Authority Variation in Patterns of Provision for the Mentally Disordered, PhD thesis, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Cassel, W. A., Smith, C. M., Grunberg, F., Boan, J. A. & Thomas, R. F. (1972). Comparing costs of hospital and community care. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 23, 197200.Google Scholar
Conley, R. W., Cornwell, M. & Arrill, M. B. (1973). An approach to measuring the cost of mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 124, 755762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickey, B., Cannon, N. I., McGuire, T. & Gudeman, J. E. (1986). The quarterway house: a two year cost study of an experimental residential program. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 37, 11361143.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1989). Caring for People, Cm 849. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Fein, R. (1958). The Economics of Mental Illness. Basic Books: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SirGriffiths, Roy (1988). Community Care: Agenda for Action. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, G. & Marks, I. (1977). Costs and benefits of behavioural psychotherapy: a pilot study of neurotics treated by nurse-therapists. Psychological Medicine 7, 685700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häfner, H. & Heiden, W. an der (1989). Effectiveness and cost of community care for schizophrenic patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40, 5963.Google ScholarPubMed
Hurst, J. (1988). Report of a meeting held in July 1987 at the Institute of Psychiatry. In New Directions in Mental Health Care Evaluation (ed. Marks, I., Connelly, J. and Muijen, M.), pp. 2330. Institute of Psychiatry, London.Google Scholar
Jones, D. (1989). The selection of patients for reprovision. Unpublished paper from the Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services, Friern Hospital, London.Google Scholar
Jones, R., Goldberg, D. & Hughes, B. (1980). A comparison of two different services treating schizophrenia: a cost-benefit approach. Psychological Medicine 10, 493505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, M. R. J. (1984). The Economics of Social Care. Macmillan: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, M. R. J. (1990). Economic barriers to innovation in mental health care: community care in the UK. In Innovation in Mental Health Care Delivery (ed. Marks, Isaac and Scott, Robert), pp. 204219. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Knapp, M. R. J. (1991). Care in the Community: Making it Happen. Department of Health brochure. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Knapp, M. R. J. & Beecham, J. (1990). The cost-effectiveness of community care for former long-stay psychiatric hospital patients. In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research vol II (ed. Scheffler, Richard and Rossiter, Louis), pp. 201227. JAI Press: Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Knapp, M. R. J., Beecham, J., Anderson, J., Dayson, D., Leff, J., Margolius, O., O'Driscoll, C. & Wills, W. (1990). Predicting the community costs of closing psychiatric hospitals: the TAPS project. British Journal of Psychiatry (in the press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, M. R. J., Cambridge, P., Thomason, C., Beecham, J., Allen, C. & Darton, R. (1990 b). Care in the Community: Evaluating a Demonstration Programme, Gower: Aldershot, forthcoming.Google Scholar
McKechnie, A. A., Rae, D. & May, J. (1982). A comparison of inpatient costs of treatment and care in a Scottish psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 602607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangen, S. T., Paykel, E. S., Griffith, J. H., Burchall, A. & Mancini, P. (1983). Cost-effectiveness of community psychiatric nurse or out-patient psychiatrist care of neurotic patients. Psychological Medicine 13, 407416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, I., Connolly, J. & Muijen, M. (1988). The Maudsley Daily Living Programme: a controlled cost-effectiveness study of community based versus standard in-patient care of serious mental illness. Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, 2223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, A. D. (1975). A model for nursing cost. Hospital and Health Services Review 71, 194195.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. G. & Datel, W. E. (1976). A cost-benefit analysis of community versus institutional living. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 27, 165170.Google ScholarPubMed
Renshaw, J., Hampson, R., Thomason, C., Darton, R., Judge, K. & Knapp, M. R. J. (1988). Care in the Community: the First Steps. Gower: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Stern, B. & Stern, E. S. (1963). Efficiency of mental hospitals. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 17, 111120.Google ScholarPubMed
Weisbrod, B. A. (1983). A guide to benefit cost analysis, as seen through a controlled experiment in treating the mentally ill. Journal of Health, Politics and Law 7, 809845.Google ScholarPubMed
Weisbrod, B. A., Test, M. A. & Stein, L. I. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: economic benefit-cost analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 400405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed