Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-21T06:32:41.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Childhood and adolescent psychotic experiences and risk of mental disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2019

Colm Healy*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Ross Brannigan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Niamh Dooley
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Helen Coughlan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Mary Clarke
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Ian Kelleher
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
Mary Cannon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
*
Author for correspondence: Colm Healy, E-mail: colmhealy@rcsi.com

Abstract

Background

Psychotic experiences (PEs) are common in childhood and adolescence and their association with mental disorders is well-established. We aim to conduct a quantitative synthesis the literature on the relationship between childhood and adolescent PEs and (i) any mental disorder; and (ii) specific categories of mental disorder, while stratifying by study design.

Method

Three electronic databases (PUBMED, PsycINFO and EMBASE) were searched from inception to August 2017 for all the published literature on childhood and adolescent PEs and mental disorder (outcome) in non-help-seeking community samples. Study quality was assessed using a recognised quality assessment tool for observational studies. Two authors conducted independent data extraction. Pooled odds ratios were calculated for mental disorders using random-effects models. Additional analyses were conducted investigating different categories of mental disorder while stratifying by study design.

Results

Fourteen studies from 13 community samples (n = 29 517) were identified with 9.8% of participants reporting PEs. PEs were associated with a three-fold increased risk of any mental disorder [odds ratio (OR) 3.08, confidence interval (CI) 2.26–4.21, k = 12]. PEs were associated with four-fold increase risk of psychotic disorder (OR 3.96, CI 2.03–7.73, population-attributable-fraction: 23.2%, k = 5). In addition, PEs were associated with an increased risk of affective disorders, anxiety disorders, behavioural disorders and substance-use disorders. Few longitudinal studies have investigated childhood and adolescent PEs and subsequent non-psychotic disorders which limited a meaningful synthesis and interpretation of these results.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis confirms that PEs are prevalent in childhood and adolescent community samples and are associated with a variety of mental disorders beyond psychotic disorders. Further longitudinal research is necessary to fully determine the longitudinal relationship between PEs and non-psychotic disorders.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adriaanse, M, Van Domburgh, L, Zwirs, B, Doreleijers, T and Veling, W (2015) School-based screening for psychiatric disorders in Moroccan-Dutch youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 9, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0045-8Google Scholar
Bartels-Velthuis, AA, Jenner, JA, Van De Willige, G, Van Os, J and Wiersma, D (2010) Prevalence and correlates of auditory vocal hallucinations in middle childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 4146.Google Scholar
Bartels-Velthuis, AA, Wigman, JT, Jenner, JA, Bruggeman, R and Van Os, J (2016) Course of auditory vocal hallucinations in childhood: 11-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134, 615.Google Scholar
Bechtold, J, Hipwell, A, Lewis, DA, Loeber, R and Pardini, D (2016) Concurrent and sustained cumulative effects of adolescent marijuana Use on subclinical psychotic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 781789.Google Scholar
Borenstein, M, Hedges, LV, Higgins, JP and Rothstein, HR (2010) A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 1, 97111.Google Scholar
Calkins, ME, Moore, TM, Merikangas, KR, Burstein, M, Satterthwaite, TD, Bilker, WB, Ruparel, K, Chiavacci, R, Wolf, DH, Mentch, F, Qiu, HJ, Connolly, JJ, Sleiman, PA, Hakonarson, H, Gur, RC and Gur, RE (2014) The psychosis spectrum in a young US community sample: findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. World Psychiatry 13, 296305.Google Scholar
Calkins, ME, Moore, TM, Satterthwaite, TD, Wolf, DH, Turetsky, BI, Roalf, DR, Merikangas, KR, Ruparel, K, Kohler, CG, Gur, RC and Gur, RE (2017) Persistence of psychosis spectrum symptoms in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort: a prospective two-year follow-up. World Psychiatry 16, 6276.Google Scholar
Cederlöf, M, Kuja-Halkola, R, Larsson, H, Sjolander, A, Ostberg, P, Lundstrom, S, Kelleher, I and Lichtenstein, P (2017) A longitudinal study of adolescent psychotic experiences and later development of substance use disorder and suicidal behavior. Schizophrenia Research 181, 1316.Google Scholar
Clemmensen, L, Van Os, J, Drukker, M, Munkholm, A, Rimvall, MK, Vaever, M, Rask, CU, Bartels-Velthuis, AA, Skovgaard, AM and Jeppesen, P (2016) Psychotic experiences and hyper-theory of mind in preadolescence – a birth cohort. Psychological Medicine 46, 87101.Google Scholar
Dhossche, D, Ferdinand, R, Van Der Ende, J, Hofstra, MB and Verhulst, F (2002) Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine 32, 619627.Google Scholar
Dolphin, L, Dooley, B and Fitzgerald, A (2015) Prevalence and correlates of psychotic like experiences in a nationally representative community sample of adolescents in Ireland. Schizophrenia Research 169, 241247.Google Scholar
Dominguez, MDG, Wichers, M, Lieb, R, Wittchen, HU and Van Os, J (2011) Evidence that onset of clinical psychosis is an outcome of progressively more persistent subclinical psychotic experiences: an 8-year cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 8493.Google Scholar
Downs, JM, Cullen, AE, Barragan, M and Laurens, KR (2013) Persisting psychotic-like experiences are associated with both externalising and internalising psychopathology in a longitudinal general population child cohort. Schizophrenia Research 144, 99104.Google Scholar
Duval, S and Tweedie, R (2000) Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56, 455463.Google Scholar
Egger, M, Smith, GD, Schneider, M and Minder, C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315, 629634.Google Scholar
Fisher, HL, Caspi, A, Poulton, R, Meier, MH, Houts, R, Harrington, H, Arseneault, L and Moffitt, TE (2013) Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine 43, 20772086.Google Scholar
Goodman, R (2001) Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 13371345.Google Scholar
Granö, N, Kallionpää, S, Karjalainen, M, Roine, M, Ranta, K and Heinimaa, M (2016) Discrepancy between self-reported and interviewed psychosis risk symptoms: auditory distortions are the most reliably reported symptom by self-report. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 10, 129136.Google Scholar
Healy, C, Gordon, AA, Coughlan, H, Clarke, M, Kelleher, I and Cannon, M (2018) Do childhood psychotic experiences improve the prediction of adolescent psychopathology? A longitudinal population-based study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry (in press). doi: 10.1111/eip.12762.Google Scholar
Jeppesen, P, Clemmensen, L, Munkholm, A, Rimvall, MK, Rask, CU, Jorgensen, T, Larsen, JT, Petersen, L, Van Os, J and Skovgaard, AM (2015) Psychotic experiences co-occur with sleep problems, negative affect and mental disorders in preadolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 56, 558565.Google Scholar
Kaymaz, N, Drukker, M, Lieb, R, Wittchen, HU, Werbeloff, N, Weiser, M, Lataster, T and Van Os, J (2012) Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results. Psychological Medicine 42, 22392253.Google Scholar
Kelleher, I, Connor, D, Clarke, MC, Devlin, N, Harley, M and Cannon, M (2012 a) Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychological Medicine 42, 18571863.Google Scholar
Kelleher, I, Harley, M, Murtagh, A and Cannon, M (2009) Are screening instruments valid for psychotic-like experiences? A validation study of screening questions for psychotic-like experiences using in-depth clinical interview. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37 362369.Google Scholar
Kelleher, I, Keeley, H, Corcoran, P, Lynch, F, Fitzpatrick, C, Devlin, N, Molloy, C, Roddy, S, Clarke, MC, Harley, M, Arseneault, L, Wasserman, C, Carli, V, Sarchiapone, M, Hoven, C, Wasserman, D and Cannon, M (2012 b) Clinicopathological significance of psychotic experiences in non-psychotic young people: evidence from four population-based studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 201, 2632.Google Scholar
Laurens, KR, Hobbs, MJ, Sunderland, M, Green, MJ and Mould, GL (2012) Psychotic-like experiences in a community sample of 8000 children aged 9 to 11 years: an item response theory analysis. Psychological Medicine 42, 14951506.Google Scholar
Laurens, KR, West, SA, Murray, RM and Hodgins, S (2008) Psychotic-like experiences and other antecedents of schizophrenia in children aged 9–12 years: a comparison of ethnic and migrant groups in the United Kingdom. Psychological Medicine 38, 11031111.Google Scholar
Linscott, RJ and van Os, J (2013) An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine 43, 11331149.Google Scholar
Maijer, K, Begemann, MJH, Palmen, SJMC, Leucht, S and Sommer, IEC (2018) Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 48, 879888.Google Scholar
Mcgorry, PD, Hartmann, JA, Spooner, R and Nelson, B (2018) Beyond the ‘at risk mental state’ concept: transitioning to transdiagnostic psychiatry. World Psychiatry 17, 133142.Google Scholar
Mcgrath, J, Welham, J, Scott, J, Varghese, D, Degenhardt, L, Hayatbakhsh, MR, Alati, R, Williams, GM, Bor, W and Najman, JM (2010) Association between Cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 440447.Google Scholar
Mcgrath, JJ, Saha, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-De-Almeida, JM, Chiu, WT, De Jonge, P, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, CY, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lepine, JP, Lim, CCW, Mora, MEM, Navarro-Mateu, F, Ochoa, S, Sampson, N, Scott, K, Viana, MC and Kessler, RC (2015) Psychotic experiences in the general population: A cross-national analysis based on 31,261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 697705.Google Scholar
Mcgrath, JJ, Saha, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Andrade, L, Borges, G, Bromet, EJ, Oakley Browne, M, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-De-Almeida, JM and Fayyad, J (2016 a) Age of onset and lifetime projected risk of psychotic experiences: cross-national data from the World Mental Health Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 933941.Google Scholar
Mcgrath, J, Saha, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Andrade, L, Benjet, C, Bromet, EJ, Browne, MO, De Almeida, JMC, Chiu, WT, Demyttenaere, K, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, De Girolamo, G, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Ten Have, M, Hu, CY, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lim, CCW, Navarro-Mateu, F, Sampson, N, Posada-Villa, J, Kendler, KS and Kessler, RC (2016 b) The bidirectional associations between psychotic experiences and DSM-IV mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 9971006.Google Scholar
Poulton, R, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Cannon, M, Murray, R and Harrington, H (2000) Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder - A 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 10531058.Google Scholar
Scott, J, Martin, G, Bor, W, Sawyer, M, Clark, J and Mcgrath, J (2009) The prevalence and correlates of hallucinations in Australian adolescents: results from a national survey. Schizophrenia Research 107, 179185.Google Scholar
StataCorp (2017) Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.Google Scholar
Zammit, S, Kounali, D, Cannon, M, David, AS, Gunnell, D, Heron, J, Jones, PB, Lewis, S, Sullivan, S, Wolke, D and Lewis, G (2013) Psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders at age 18 in relation to psychotic experiences at age 12 in a longitudinal population-based cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 170, 742750.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Healy et al. supplementary material

Healy et al. supplementary material 1

Download Healy et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.4 MB