Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:10:57.326Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The balanced care model for global mental health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2012

G. Thornicroft  and
M. Tansella
G. Thornicroft*
Affiliation:
Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
M. Tansella
Affiliation:
Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
*
*Address for correspondence: G. Thornicroft, Professor of Community Psychiatry, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

For too long there have been heated debates between those who believe that mental health care should be largely or solely provided from hospitals and those who adhere to the view that community care should fully replace hospitals. The aim of this study was to propose a conceptual model relevant for mental health service development in low-, medium- and high-resource settings worldwide.

Method

We conducted a review of the relevant peer-reviewed evidence and a series of surveys including more than 170 individual experts with direct experience of mental health system change worldwide. We integrated data from these multiple sources to develop the balanced care model (BCM), framed in three sequential steps relevant to different resource settings.

Results

Low-resource settings need to focus on improving the recognition and treatment of people with mental illnesses in primary care. Medium-resource settings in addition can develop ‘general adult mental health services’, namely (i) out-patient clinics, (ii) community mental health teams (CMHTs), (iii) acute in-patient services, (iv) community residential care and (v) work/occupation. High-resource settings, in addition to primary care and general adult mental health services, can also provide specialized services in these same five categories.

Conclusions

The BCM refers both to a balance between hospital and community care and to a balance between all of the service components (e.g. clinical teams) that are present in any system, whether this is in low-, medium- or high-resource settings. The BCM therefore indicates that a comprehensive mental health system includes both community- and hospital-based components of care.

Keywords

Community mental healthglobal mental healthhealth service researchneeds assessment
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , April 2013 , pp. 849 - 863
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbo, C, Ekblad, S, Waako, P, Okello, E, Musisi, S (2009). The prevalence and severity of mental illnesses handled by traditional healers in two districts in Uganda. African Health Sciences 9 (Suppl. 1), S16–S22.Google ScholarPubMed
Addington, J, Coldham, EL, Jones, B, Ko, T, Addington, D (2003). The first episode of psychosis: the experience of relatives. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108, 285–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ae-Ngibise, K, Cooper, S, Adiibokah, E, Akpalu, B, Lund, C, Doku, V; Mhapp Research Programme Consortium (2010). ‘Whether you like it or not people with mental problems are going to go to them’: a qualitative exploration into the widespread use of traditional and faith healers in the provision of mental health care in Ghana. International Review of Psychiatry 22, 558–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiyama, T, Chandra, N, Chen, CN, Ganesan, M, Koyama, A, Kua, EE, Lee, MS, Lin, CY, Ng, C, Setoya, Y, Takeshima, T, Zou, Y (2008). Asian models of excellence in psychiatric care and rehabilitation [Review]. International Review of Psychiatry 20, 445–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alem, A (2002). Community-based vs. hospital-based mental health care: the case of Africa. World Psychiatry 1, 99–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Krenawi, A (2005). Mental health practice in Arab countries. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18, 560–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonso, J, Codony, M, Kovess, V, Angermeyer, MC, Katz, SJ, Haro, JM, De Girolamo, G, De Graaf, R, Demyttenaere, K, Vilagut, G, Almansa, J, Lépine, JP, Brugha, TS (2007). Population level of unmet need for mental healthcare in Europe. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amaddeo, F (2008). Risk of death from natural causes increased in people with psychiatric admissions. Evidence-Based Mental Health 11, 106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amaddeo, F, Barbui, C, Perini, G, Biggeri, A, Tansella, M (2007). Avoidable mortality of psychiatric patients in an area with a community-based system of mental health care. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, 320–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amaddeo, F, Tansella, M (2010). Mortality among people with mental disorders. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badrakalimuthu, VR, Rangasamy, S, Sathyavathy, V (2009). Mental health practice in private primary care in rural India: a survey of practitioners. World Psychiatry 8, 124–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, C, Dua, T, van Ommeren, M, Yasamy, M, Fleischmann, A, Clark, N, Thornicroft, G, Hill, S, Saxena, S (2010). Challenges in developing evidence-based recommendations using the GRADE approach: the case of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. PLoS Medicine 7, e1000322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaglehole, R, Bonita, R (2008). Global public health: a scorecard. Lancet 372, 1988–1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, DR, Bond, GR, Drake, RE (2011). Individual placement and support: the evidence-based practice of supported employment. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G. I., Mueser, K. T. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 204–217. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Becker, DR, Drake, RE, Farabaugh, A, Bond, GR (1996). Job preferences of clients with severe psychiatric disorders participating in supported employment programs. Psychiatric Services 47, 1223–1226.Google ScholarPubMed
Becker, T, Koesters, M (2011). Psychiatric outpatient clinics. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G. I., Mueser, K. T. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 179–191. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Benegal, V, Chand, PK, Obot, IS (2009). Packages of care for alcohol use disorders in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BMJ Books (2003). Clinical Evidence, Vol. 9. BMJ Books: London.Google Scholar
Bond, GR, Drake, RE, Becker, DR (2008). An update on randomized controlled trials of evidence-based supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 31, 280–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosanac, P, Patton, GC, Castle, DJ (2010). Early intervention in psychotic disorders: faith before facts? Psychological Medicine 40, 353–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, T (2001). Generic versus specialist mental health teams. In Textbook of Community Psychiatry (ed. Thornicroft, G. and Szmukler, G.), pp. 231–241. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Burns, T, Catty, J (2008). IPS in Europe: the EQOLISE trial. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 31, 313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, T, Catty, J, Dash, M, Roberts, C, Lockwood, A, Marshall, M (2007). Use of intensive case management to reduce time in hospital in people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-regression. British Medical Journal 335, 336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, T, Creed, F, Fahy, T, Thompson, S, Tyrer, P, White, I (1999). Intensive versus standard case management for severe psychotic illness: a randomised trial. UK 700 Group. Lancet 353, 2185–2189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, T, Fioritti, A, Holloway, F, Malm, U, Rossler, W (2001). Case management and assertive community treatment in Europe. Psychiatric Services 52, 631–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell-Hall, V, Petersen, I, Bhana, A, Mjadu, S, Hosegood, V, Flisher, AJ (2010). Collaboration between traditional practitioners and primary health care staff in South Africa: developing a workable partnership for community mental health services. Transcultural Psychiatry 47, 610–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castle, DJ (2012). The truth, and nothing but the truth, about early intervention in psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46, 10–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catty, J, Burns, T, Comas, A (2007). Day centres for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1, CD001710.Google Scholar
Chilvers, R, Macdonald, G, Hayes, A (2006). Supported housing for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4, CD000453.Google Scholar
Chisholm, D, Flisher, AJ, Lund, C, Patel, V, Saxena, S, Thornicroft, G, Tomlinson, M (2007). Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet 370, 1241–1252.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleary, M, Freeman, A, Walter, G (2006). Carer participation in mental health service delivery [Review]. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 15, 189–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowther, RE, Marshall, M, Bond, GR, Huxley, P (2001). Helping people with severe mental illness to obtain work: systematic review. British Medical Journal 322, 204–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, S, Presilla, B, Strathdee, G, Thornicroft, G (1994). Community beds: the future for mental health care? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 29, 241–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deci, PA, Santos, AB, Hiott, DW, Schoenwald, S, Dias, JK (1995). Dissemination of assertive community treatment programs. Psychiatric Services 46, 676–678.Google ScholarPubMed
de Girolamo, G, Dagani, J, Purcell, R, Cocchi, A, McGorry, P (2012). Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: needs, opportunities and obstacles. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, 47–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demyttenaere, K, Bruffaerts, R, Posada-Villa, J, Gasquet, I, Kovess, V, Lepine, JP, Angermeyer, MC, Bernert, S, de Girolamo, G, Morosini, P, Polidori, G, Kikkawa, T, Kawakami, N, Ono, Y, Takeshima, T, Uda, H, Karam, EG, Fayyad, JA, Karam, AN, Mneimneh, ZN, Medina-Mora, ME, Borges, G, Lara, C, de Graaf, R, Ormel, J, Gureje, O, Shen, Y, Huang, Y, Zhang, M, Alonso, J, Haro, JM, Vilagut, G, Bromet, EJ, Gluzman, S, Webb, C, Kessler, RC, Merikangas, KR, Anthony, JC, Von Korff, MR, Wang, PS, Brugha, TS, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Lee, S, Heeringa, S, Pennell, BE, Zaslavsky, AM, Ustun, TB, Chatterji, S; WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association 291, 2581–2590.Google ScholarPubMed
Department of Health (2002). Community Mental Health Teams, Policy Implementation Guidance. Department of Health: London.Google Scholar
Desjarlais, R, Eisenberg, L, Good, B, Kleinman, A (1995). World Mental Health. Problems and Priorities in Low-Income Countries. Oxford University Press: Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deva, MP (2008). Bringing changes to Asian mental health. International Review of Psychiatry 20, 484–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dieterich, M, Irving, CB, Park, B, Marshall, M (2010). Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10, CD007906.Google Scholar
Drake, RE, Latimer, E (2012). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in North America. World Psychiatry 11, 47–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, RE, McHugo, GJ, Bebout, RR, Becker, DR, Harris, M, Bond, GR, Quimby, E (1999). A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 627–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dua, T, Barbui, C, Clark, N, Fleischmann, A, van Ommeren, M, Poznyak, V, Yasamy, MT, Thornicroft, G, Saxena, S (2011). Evidence-based guidelines for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: summary of WHO recommendations. PLoS Medicine 8, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, J (2008). Ensuring access to psychotropic medication in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Psychiatry 11, 179–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, J, McCay, L, Semrau, M, Chatterjee, S, Baingana, F, Araya, R, Ntulo, C, Thornicroft, G, Saxena, S (2011). Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 378, 1592–1603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiander, M, Burns, T, McHugo, GJ, Drake, RE (2003). Assertive community treatment across the Atlantic: comparison of model fidelity in the UK and USA. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 248–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedi, J, Mohr, P, Swingler, D, Bitter, I, Gheorghe, MD, Hotujac, L, Jarema, M, Kocmur, M, Koychev, GI, Mosolov, SN, Pecenak, J, Rybakowski, J, Svestka, J, Sartorius, N (2006). Psychiatry in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe: an overview of the current situation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114, 223–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gafoor, R, Nitsch, D, McCrone, P, Craig, TK, Garety, PA, Power, P, McGuire, P (2010). Effect of early intervention on 5-year outcome in non-affective psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 372–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gask, L (2005). Overt and covert barriers to the integration of primary and specialist mental health care. Social Science and Medicine 61, 1785–1794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, R, Killaspy, H (2010). A national survey of assertive community treatment services in England. Journal of Mental Health 19, 500–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, G, Arts, G, Babu, KS (2006). Crisis resolution/home treatment teams and psychiatric admission rates in England. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 441–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenhalgh, T (2008). Thirty years on from Alma-Ata: Where have we come from? Where are we going? British Journal of General Practice 58, 798–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grigoletti, L, Perini, G, Rossi, A, Biggeri, A, Barbui, C, Tansella, M, Amaddeo, F (2009). Mortality and cause of death among psychiatric patients: a 20-year case-register study in an area with a community-based system of care. Psychological Medicine 39, 1875–1884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanlon, C, Wondimagegn, D, Alem, A (2010). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Africa. World Psychiatry 9, 185–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heffernan, J, Pilkington, P (2011). Supported employment for persons with mental illness: systematic review of the effectiveness of individual placement and support in the UK. Journal of Mental Health 20, 368–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heslin, M, Howard, L, Leese, M, McCrone, P, Rice, C, Jarrett, M, Spokes, T, Huxley, P, Thornicroft, G (2011). Randomized controlled trial of supported employment in England: 2 year follow-up of the Supported Work and Needs (SWAN) study. World Psychiatry 10, 132–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloway, F, Sederer, L (2011). Inpatient treatment. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G. I., Mueser, K. T. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 223–231. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Howard, LM, Heslin, M, Leese, M, McCrone, P, Rice, C, Jarrett, M, Spokes, T, Huxley, P, Thornicroft, G (2010). Supported employment: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 404–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, LM, Leese, M, Byford, S, Killaspy, H, Cole, L, Lawlor, C, Johnson, S (2009). Methodological challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of women's crisis houses compared with psychiatric wards: findings from a pilot patient preference RCT. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, 722–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, LM, Rigon, E, Cole, L, Lawlor, C, Johnson, S (2008). Admission to women's crisis houses or to psychiatric wards: women's pathways to admission. Psychiatric Services 59, 1443–1449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Institute of Medicine (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Institute of Medicine: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ito, H, Setoya, Y, Suzuki, Y (in press). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in East and Southeast Asia. World Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Jacob, KS, Sharan, P, Mirza, I, Garrido-Cumbrera, M, Seedat, S, Mari, JJ, Sreenivas, V, Saxena, S (2007). Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? Lancet 370, 1061–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janse van Rensburg, AB (2009). A changed climate for mental health care delivery in South Africa. African Journal of Psychiatry 12, 157–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jethwa, K, Galappathie, N, Hewson, P (2007). Effects of a crisis resolution and home treatment team on in-patient admissions. Psychiatric Bulletin 31, 170–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S, Gilburt, H, Lloyd-Evans, B, Osborn, DP, Boardman, J, Leese, M, Shepherd, G, Thornicroft, G, Slade, M (2009). In-patient and residential alternatives to standard acute psychiatric wards in England. British Journal of Psychiatry 194, 456–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, S, Needle, J, Bindman, J, Thornicroft, G (2008). Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment in Mental Health. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Hoult, J, White, IR, Bebbington, P, Sandor, A, McKenzie, N, Patel, SN, Pilling, S (2005 a). Outcomes of crises before and after introduction of a crisis resolution team. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 68–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, Sandor, A, Hoult, J, McKenzie, N, White, IR, Thompson, M, Bebbington, P (2005 b). Randomised controlled trial of acute mental health care by a crisis resolution team: the north Islington crisis study. British Medical Journal 331, 599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S, Thornicroft, G (2008). The classic home treatment studies. In Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment in Mental Health (ed. Johnson, S., Needle, J., Bindman, J. and Thornicroft, G.), pp. 37–50. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S, Totman, J, Hobbs, L (2011). Crisis and emergency services. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G., Mueser, K. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 118–128. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Johnstone, P, Zolese, G (1999). Systematic review of the effectiveness of planned short hospital stays for mental health care. British Medical Journal 318, 1387–1390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joy, CB, Adams, CE, Rice, K (2006). Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4, CD001087.Google Scholar
Keown, P, Tacchi, MJ, Niemiec, S, Hughes, J (2007). Changes to mental healthcare for working age adults: impact of a crisis team and an assertive outreach team. Psychiatric Bulletin 31, 288–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Chatterji, S, Lee, S, Ormel, J, Ustun, TB, Wang, PS (2009). The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O, Merikangas, KR, Walters, EE (2005 a). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of Gneral Psychiatry 62, 617–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Demler, O, Frank, RG, Olfson, M, Pincus, HA, Walters, EE, Wang, P, Wells, KB, Zaslavsky, AM (2005 b). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. New England Journal of Medicine 352, 2515–2523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killackey, E (2011). Review: early intervention services can be clinically beneficial for people with early psychosis. Evidence-Based Mental Health 14, 50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killaspy, H, Bebbington, P, Blizard, R, Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, King, M (2006). The REACT study: randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment in north London. British Medical Journal 332, 815–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killaspy, H, Dalton, J, McNicholas, S, Johnson, S (2000). Drayton Park, an alternative to hospital admission for women in acute mental health crisis. Psychiatric Bulletin 24, 101–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killaspy, H, Kingett, S, Bebbington, P, Blizard, R, Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, King, M (2009). Randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment: 3-year outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 81–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killaspy, H, Rosen, A (2011). Case management and assertive community treatment. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G. I., Mueser, K. T. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 171–184. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Knapp, M, Chisholm, D, Astin, J, Lelliott, P, Audini, B (1997). The cost consequences of changing the hospital-community balance: the mental health residential care study. Psychological Medicine 27, 681–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, M, McDaid, D, Mossialos, E, Thornicroft, G (eds) (2007). Mental Health Policy and Practice Across Europe. Open University Press: Maidenhead.Google Scholar
Kohn, R, Saxena, S, Levav, I, Saraceno, B (2004). Treatment gap in mental health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82, 858–866.Google ScholarPubMed
Larsen, TK, Melle, I, Auestad, B, Haahr, U, Joa, I, Johannessen, JO, Opjordsmoen, S, Rund, BR, Rossberg, JI, Simonsen, E, Vaglum, P, Friis, S, McGlashan, T (2011). Early detection of psychosis: positive effects on 5-year outcome. Psychological Medicine 41, 1461–1469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasalvia, A, Tansella, M (2010). Acute in-patient care in modern, community-based mental health services. Where and how? Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, 275–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latimer, E (2005). Economic considerations associated with assertive community treatment and supported employment for people with severe mental illness [Review]. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 30, 355–359.Google ScholarPubMed
Latimer, EA (1999). Economic impacts of assertive community treatment: a review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 44, 443–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawlor, C, Johnson, S, Cole, L, Howard, LM (2010). Ethnic variations in pathways to acute care and compulsory detention for women experiencing a mental health crisis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawn, JE, Rohde, J, Rifkin, S, Were, M, Paul, VK, Chopra, M (2008). Alma-Ata 30 years on: revolutionary, relevant, and time to revitalise. Lancet 372, 917–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, AF (1995). Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 21, 645–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, AF, Goldberg, R, Dixon, LB, McNary, S, Postrado, L, Hackman, A, McDonnell, K (2002). Improving employment outcomes for persons with severe mental illnesses. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 165–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lelliott, P, Bleksley, S (2010). Improving the quality of acute inpatient care. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, 287–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd-Evans, B, Slade, M, Jagielska, D, Johnson, S (2009). Residential alternatives to acute psychiatric hospital admission: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, C, De Silva, M, Plagerson, S, Cooper, S, Chisholm, D, Das, J, Knapp, M, Patel, V (2011). Poverty and mental disorders: breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 378, 1502–1514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malone, D, Newron-Howes, G, Simmonds, S, Marriot, S, Tyrer, P (2007). Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental illnesses and disordered personality [Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD000270.Google Scholar
Marshall, M, Crowther, R, Almaraz-Serrano, A, Creed, F, Sledge, W, Kluiter, H, Roberts, C, Hill, E, Wiersma, D, Bond, GR, Huxley, P, Tyrer, P (2001). Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of day care for people with severe mental disorders: (1) acute day hospital versus admission; (2) vocational rehabilitation; (3) day hospital versus outpatient care. Health Technology Assessment 5, 1–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, M, Crowther, R, Sledge, WH, Rathbone, J, Soares-Weiser, K (2011). Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 12, CD004026.Google Scholar
Marshall, M, Lockwood, A (2000). Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD001089.Google Scholar
Marshall, M, Rathbone, J (2011). Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6, CD004718.Google Scholar
Marwaha, S, Johnson, S (2005). Views and experiences of employment among people with psychosis: a qualitative descriptive study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 51, 302–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mbuba, CK, Newton, CR (2009). Packages of care for epilepsy in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrone, P, Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, Sandor, A, Hoult, J, McKenzie, N, Thompson, M, Bebbington, P (2009 a). Economic evaluation of a crisis resolution service: a randomised controlled trial. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, 54–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrone, P, Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, Sandor, A, Hoult, J, McKenzie, N, White, IR, Bebbington, P (2009 c). Impact of a crisis resolution team on service costs in the UK. Psychiatric Bulletin 33, 17–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrone, P, Killaspy, H, Bebbington, P, Johnson, S, Nolan, F, Pilling, S, King, M (2009 b). The REACT study: cost-effectiveness analysis of assertive community treatment in north London. Psychiatric Services 60, 908–913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGeorge, P (2012). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Australasia and the South Pacific. World Psychiatry 11, 129–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGorry, P (2012). At issue: Cochrane, early intervention, and mental health reform: analysis, paralysis, or evidence-informed progress? Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 221–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G (2006). Mental health in developing countries. The unseen: mental illness's global toll. Science 311, 458–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosher, LR (1999). Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review [Review]. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 187, 142–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mubbashar, M (1999). Mental health services in rural Pakistan. In Common Mental Disorders in Primary Care (ed. Tansella, M. and Thornicroft, G.), pp. 67–80. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Murphy, S, Irving, CB, Adams, CE, Driver, R (2012). Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5, CD001087.Google ScholarPubMed
Nathan, P, Gorman, J (2002). A Guide to Treatments that Work, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Ndyanabangi, S, Basangwa, D, Lutakome, J, Mubiru, C (2004). Uganda mental health country profile. International Review of Psychiatry 16, 54–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, T, Johnson, S, Bebbington, P (2009). Satisfaction and burnout among staff of crisis resolution, assertive outreach and community mental health teams. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, 541–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nestor, P, Galletly, C (2008). The employment of consumers in mental health services: politically correct tokenism or genuinely useful? Australasian Psychiatry 16, 344–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngoma, MC, Prince, M, Mann, A (2003). Common mental disorders among those attending primary health clinics and traditional healers in urban Tanzania. British Journal of Psychiatry 183, 349–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Njenga, F (2002). Challenges of balanced care in Africa. World Psychiatry 1, 96–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Ormel, J, Petukhova, M, Chatterji, S, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Angermeyer, MC, Bromet, EJ, Burger, H, Demyttenaere, K, de Girolamo, G, Haro, JM, Hwang, I, Karam, E, Kawakami, N, Lépine, JP, Medina-Mora, ME, Posada-Villa, J, Sampson, N, Scott, K, Ustün, TB, Von Korff, M, Williams, DR, Zhang, M, Kessler, RC (2008). Disability and treatment of specific mental and physical disorders across the world. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormel, J, Von Korff, M, Ustun, B, Pini, S, Korten, A (1994). Common mental disorders and disability across cultures. Results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. Journal of the American Medical Association 272, 1741–1748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passmore, R (1979). The declaration of Alma-Ata and the future of primary care. Lancet 2, 1005–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Araya, R, Chatterjee, S, Chisholm, D, Cohen, A, De Silva, M, Hosman, C, McGuire, H, Rojas, G, van Ommeren, M (2007). Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 370, 991–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Maj, M, Flisher, AJ, De Silva, MJ, Koschorke, M, Prince, M (2010 a). Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: a WPA survey. World Psychiatry 9, 169–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Simon, G, Chowdary, N, Kaaya, S, Araya, R (2009). Packages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Thornicroft, G (2009). Packages of care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries. PloS Medicine 6, e1000160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Weiss, HA, Chowdhary, N, Naik, S, Pednekar, S, Chatterjee, S, De Silva, MJ, Bhat, B, Araya, R, King, M, Simon, G, Verdeli, H, Kirkwood, BR (2010 b). Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (MANAS): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376, 2086–2095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, SD, Burns, BJ, Edgar, ER, Mueser, KT, Linkins, KW, Rosenheck, RA, Drake, RE, McDonel Herr, EC (2001). Moving assertive community treatment into standard practice. Psychiatric Services 52, 771–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkola, S, Sund, R, Sailas, E, Wahlbeck, K (2009). Community mental-health services and suicide rate in Finland: a nationwide small-area analysis. Lancet 373, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, AM (2010). Should NHS mental health services fear the private sector? Yes. British Medical Journal 341, c5382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Power, P, McGorry, P (2011). Early interventions for people with psychotic disorders. In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G. I., Mueser, K. T. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 159–160. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Preti, A, Cella, M (2010). Randomized-controlled trials in people at ultra high risk of psychosis: a review of treatment effectiveness. Schizophrenia Research 123, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priebe, S, Warner, R, Hubschmid, T, Eckle, I (1998). Employment, attitudes toward work, and quality of life among people with schizophrenia in three countries. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, 469–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, M, Patel, V, Saxena, S, Maj, M, Maselko, J, Phillips, MR, Rahman, A (2007). No health without mental health. Lancet 370, 859–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quirk, A, Lelliott, P (2001). What do we know about life on acute psychiatric wards in the UK? A review of the research evidence. Social Science and Medicine 53, 1565–1574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raguram, R, Venkateswaran, A, Ramakrishna, J, Weiss, MG (2002). Traditional community resources for mental health: a report of temple healing from India. British Medical Journal 325, 38–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raune, D, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, PE (2004). Expressed emotion at first-episode psychosis: investigating a carer appraisal model. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 321–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razali, SM (2004). Deinstitutionalization and community mental health services in Malaysia: an overview. International Medical Journal 11, 29–35.Google Scholar
Razzouk, D, Gregorio, G, Antunes, R, Mari, J (in press). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Latin American and Caribbean Countries. World Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Repper, J, Carter, T (2011). A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. Journal of Mental Health 20, 392–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rinaldi, M, Perkins, R (2007). Comparing employment outcomes for two vocational services: individual placement and support and non-integrated pre-vocational services in the UK. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 27, 21–27.Google Scholar
Roberts, L, Roalfe, A, Wilson, S, Lester, H (2007). Physical health care of patients with schizophrenia in primary care: a comparative study. Family Practice 24, 34–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J, Bruxner, A, Harrigan, S, Bendall, S, Killackey, E, Tonin, V, Monson, K, Thurley, M, Francey, S, Yung, AR (2010). Study protocol: the development of a pilot study employing a randomised controlled design to investigate the feasibility and effects of a peer support program following discharge from a specialist first-episode psychosis treatment centre. BMC Psychiatry 10, 37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, JJ (2010). Mental health care systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Review of Psychiatry 22, 317–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohde, J, Cousens, S, Chopra, M, Tangcharoensathien, V, Black, R, Bhutta, ZA, Lawn, JE (2008). 30 years after Alma-Ata: has primary health care worked in countries? Lancet 372, 950–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, A, Barfoot, K (2001). Day care and occupation: structured rehabilitation and recovery programmes and work. In Textbook of Community Psychiatry (ed. Thornicroft, G. and Szmukler, G.), pp. 296–308. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Roth, A, Fonagy, P (1996). What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research. Guildford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Saraceno, B, van Ommeren, M, Batniji, R, Cohen, A, Gureje, O, Mahoney, J, Sridhar, D, Underhill, C (2007). Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 370, 1164–1174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxena, S, Maulik, P (2003). Mental health services in low and middle income countries: an overview. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16, 437–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxena, S, Thornicroft, G, Knapp, M, Whiteford, H (2007). Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370, 878–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sederer, LI (2010). Inpatient psychiatry: why do we need it? Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, 291–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seloilwe, ES, Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G (2007). Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities. International Nursing Review 54, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semrau, M, Barley, E, Law, A, Thornicroft, G (2011). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Europe. World Psychiatry 10, 217–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shankar, BR, Saravanan, B, Jacob, KS (2006). Explanatory models of common mental disorders among traditional healers and their patients in rural south India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 52, 221–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharifi, V (2009). Urban mental health in Iran: challenges and future directions. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 3, 9–14.Google Scholar
Shepherd, G (1990). Theory and Practice of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Shepherd, G, MacPherson, R (2011). Residential care. In Oxford Textbook of Community Psychiatry (ed. Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G., Mueser, K. and Drake, R. E.), pp. 178–187. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Shibre, T, Spangeus, A, Henriksson, L, Negash, A, Jacobsson, L (2008). Traditional treatment of mental disorders in rural Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal 46, 87–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Simmonds, S, Coid, J, Joseph, P, Marriott, S, Tyrer, P (2001). Community mental health team management in severe mental illness: a systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 497–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, M (2009). Personal Recovery and Mental Illness. A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, M, Leamy, M, Bacon, F, Janosik, M, le Boutilier, C, Williams, J, Bird, V (2012). International differences in understanding recovery: systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. Published online: 15 March 2012. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S2045796012000133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sledge, WH, Tebes, J, Rakfeldt, J, Davidson, L, Lyons, L, Druss, B (1996 a). Day hospital/crisis respite care versus inpatient care, Part I: Clinical outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 1065–1073.Google ScholarPubMed
Sledge, WH, Tebes, J, Wolff, N, Helminiak, TW (1996 b). Day hospital/crisis respite care versus inpatient care, Part II: Service utilization and costs. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 1074–1083.Google ScholarPubMed
Sytema, S, Micciolo, R, Tansella, M (1997). Continuity of care for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a comparative South-Verona and Groningen case-register study. Psychological Medicine 27, 1355–1362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tansella, M, Thornicroft, G (2009). Implementation science: understanding the translation of evidence into practice. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 283–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teague, GB, Bond, GR, Drake, RE (1998). Program fidelity in assertive community treatment: development and use of a measure. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 68, 216–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thara, R, Padvamati, R (in press). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in South Asia. World Psychiatry.Google Scholar
The ITHACA Study Group (2011). The ITHACA Toolkit for Monitoring Human Rights and General Health Care in Mental Health and Social Care Institutions (www.ithacastudy.eu). King's College London: London.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G (2007). Most people with mental illness are not treated. Lancet 370, 807–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Alem, A, Antunes Dos Santos, R, Barley, E, Drake, RE, Gregorio, G, Hanlon, C, Ito, H, Latimer, E, Law, A, Mari, J, McGeorge, P, Padmavati, R, Razzouk, D, Semrau, M, Setoya, Y, Thara, R, Wondimagegn, D (2010). WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care. World Psychiatry 9, 67–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Bebbington, P, Leff, J (2005). Outcomes for long-term patients one year after discharge from a psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services 56, 1416–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Becker, T, Holloway, F, Johnson, S, Leese, M, McCrone, P, Szmukler, G, Taylor, R, Wykes, T (1999). Community mental health teams: evidence or belief? British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 508–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Lempp, H, Tansella, M (2011 c). The place of implementation science in the translational medicine continuum. Psychological Medicine 41, 2015–2021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Rose, D, Huxley, P, Dale, G, Wykes, T (2002). What are the research priorities of mental health service users? Journal of Mental Health 11, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Semrau, M, Alem, A, Drake, RE, Ito, H, Mari, J, McGeorge, P, Thara, P (2011 a). Global Mental Health: Putting Community Care into Practice. Wiley-Blackwell: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Szmukler, G, Mueser, K, Drake, R (2011 b). Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health. Oxford University Press: Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Tansella, M (1999). The Mental Health Matrix: A Manual to Improve Services. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Tansella, M (2004). Components of a modern mental health service: a pragmatic balance of community and hospital care: overview of systematic evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 185, 283–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Tansella, M (2009). Better Mental Health Care. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G, Tansella, M, Becker, T, Knapp, M, Leese, M, Schene, A, Vazquez-Barquero, JL (2004). The personal impact of schizophrenia in Europe. Schizophrenia Research 69, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Tansella, M, Law, A (2008). Steps, challenges and lessons in developing community mental health care. World Psychiatry 7, 87–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornicroft, G, Wykes, T, Holloway, F, Johnson, S, Szmukler, G (1998). From efficacy to effectiveness in community mental health services. PRiSM Psychosis Study. 10. British Journal of Psychiatry 173, 423–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiihonen, J, Lonnqvist, J, Wahlbeck, K, Klaukka, T, Niskanen, L, Tanskanen, A, Haukka, J (2009). 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374, 620–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomov, T (2001). Central and Eastern European countries. In The Mental Health Matrix. A Manual to Improve Services (ed. Thornicroft, G. and Tansella, M.), pp. 216–227. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Totman, J, Mann, F, Johnson, S (2010). Is locating acute wards in the general hospital an essential element in psychiatric reform? The U.K. experience. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, 282–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P, Evans, K, Gandhi, N, Lamont, A, Harrison-Read, P, Johnson, T (1998). Randomised controlled trial of two models of care for discharged psychiatric patients. British Medical Journal 316, 106–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P, Morgan, J, Van Horn, E, Jayakody, M, Evans, K, Brummell, R, White, T, Baldwin, D, Harrison-Read, P, Johnson, T (1995). A randomised controlled study of close monitoring of vulnerable psychiatric patients. Lancet 345, 756–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, S, Coid, J, Simmonds, S, Joseph, P, Marriott, S (2007). Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental illnesses and disordered personality. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD000270.Google Scholar
van Wijngaarden, GK, Schene, A, Koeter, M, Becker, T, Knudsen, HC, Tansella, M, Thornicroft, G, Vazquez-Barquero, JL; EPSILON Study Group (2003). People with schizophrenia in five European countries: conceptual similarities and intercultural differences in family caregiving. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, 573–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahlbeck, K, Westman, J, Nordentoft, M, Gissler, M, Laursen, TM (2011). Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 199, 453–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, PS, Angermeyer, M, Borges, G, Bruffaerts, R, Tat, CW, de Girolamo, G, Fayyad, J, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Huang, Y, Kessler, RC, Kovess, V, Levinson, D, Nakane, Y, Oakley Brown, MA, Ormel, JH, Posada-Villa, J, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Lee, S, Heeringa, S, Pennell, BE, Chatterji, S, Ustün, TB (2007 a). Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 6, 177–185.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Angermeyer, MC, Borges, G, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, de Girolamo, G, de Graaf, R, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Karam, EG, Kessler, RC, Kovess, V, Lane, MC, Lee, S, Levinson, D, Ono, Y, Petukhova, M, Posada-Villa, J, Seedat, S, Wells, JE (2007 b). Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet 370, 841–850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, R (2004). Recovery from Schizophrenia: Psychiatry and Political Economy. Brunner-Routledge: Hove.Google Scholar
While, D, Bickley, H, Roscoe, A, Windfuhr, K, Rahman, S, Shaw, J, Appleby, L, Kapur, N (2012). Implementation of mental health service recommendations in England and Wales and suicide rates, 1997-2006: a cross-sectional and before-and-after observational study. Lancet 379, 1005–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (2001). World Health Report 2001. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (2005). Mental Health Atlas: Revised Edition. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (2008). mhGAP. Mental Health Gap Action Programme: Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (2010). mhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders in Non-Specialized Health Settings. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Wittchen, HU, Jacobi, F (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe – a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 357–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, HU, Jacobi, F, Rehm, J, Gustavsson, A, Svensson, M, Jönsson, B, Olesen, J, Allgulander, C, Alonso, J, Faravelli, C, Fratiglioni, L, Jennum, P, Lieb, R, Maercker, A, van Os, J, Preisig, M, Salvador-Carulla, L, Simon, R, Steinhausen, HC (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 655–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Bank (2010). World Bank List of Economies (http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications). World Bank: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Yamey, G (2011). Scaling up global health interventions: a proposed framework for success. PLoS Medicine 8, e1001049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Younes, N, Hardy-Bayle, MC, Falissard, B, Kovess, V, Chaillet, MP, Gasquet, I (2005). Differing mental health practice among general practitioners, private psychiatrists and public psychiatrists. BMC Public Health 5, 104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed