Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:50:26.194Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Improving emotion regulation of social exclusion in depression-prone individuals: a tDCS study targeting right VLPFC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2019

Zhenhong He ,
Zhenli Liu ,
Jun Zhao ,
Rebecca Elliott  and
Dandan Zhang
Zhenhong He
Affiliation:
College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
Zhenli Liu
Affiliation:
College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
Jun Zhao
Affiliation:
College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
Rebecca Elliott
Affiliation:
Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
Dandan Zhang*
Affiliation:
College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
*
Author for correspondence: Dandan Zhang, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Growing evidence has indicated that right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) is critical in down-regulating emotional responses to social exclusion, and that depression is accompanied by social emotional dysregulation associated with reduced lateral prefrontal engagement. This study used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine whether stimulating RVLPFC could improve emotional down-regulation of social exclusion in individuals with high depressive mood (DM).

Methods

A total of 96 high and 94 low DM individuals received active or sham tDCS while viewing social exclusion or individual negative pictures under no-reappraisal (passive viewing) and reappraisal conditions. Participants rate their negative emotional experience following the presentation of each image. Pupil diameter and visual fixation duration were also recorded during the task.

Results

It was found that tDCS-activated RVLPFC induced a stronger regulation effect on social exclusion than individual negative emotions. The effect of tDCS on regulation of social exclusion was more pronounced in low v. high DM individuals.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the specific role of RVLPFC on social emotion regulation, which has implications for refining target areas for the treatment of social emotion dysregulation in depression. However the findings do not suggest that high DM individuals benefit from a single-tDCS session on the emotion regulation of social exclusion. Thus we suggest to use multiple tDCS sessions or transcranial magnetic stimulation to further explore the therapeutic proposal in the future.

Keywords

Depression-pronedepressive moodemotion regulationeye trackingright ventrolateral prefrontal cortextranscranial direct current stimulation
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 16 , December 2020 , pp. 2768 - 2779
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Both authors contributed equally to this study.

References

Allen, NB and Badcock, PB (2003) The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin 129, 887–913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Atherton, BD, Nevels, RM and Moore, MT (2015) Predicting symptoms of depression from social anhedonia and emotion regulation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 203, 170–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayduk, O, Downey, G and Kim, M (2001) Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, 868–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, L, Ma, H, Huang, YX and Luo, YJ (2005) The development of native Chinese affective picture system. Chinese Mental Health Journal 19, 719–722.Google Scholar
Bauriedl-Schmidt, C, Jobst, A, Gander, M, Seidl, E, Sabaß, L, Sarubin, N, Mauer, C, Padberg, F and Buchheim, A (2017) Attachment representations, patterns of emotion regulation, and social exclusion in patients with chronic and episodic depression and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders 210, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT and Bredemeier, K (2016) A unified model of depression: integrating clinical, cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives. Clinical Psychological Science 4, 596–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, AT, Steer, RA and Brown, GK (1996) Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Boayue, NM, Csifcsák, G, Aslaksen, P, Turi, Z, Antal, A, Groot, J, Hawkins, GE, Forstmann, B, Opitz, A, Thielscher, A and Mittner, M (2019) Increasing propensity to mind-wander by transcranial direct current stimulation? A registered report. European Journal of Neuroscience. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14347.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradley, MM, Miccoli, L, Escrig, MA and Lang, PJ (2008) The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology 45, 602–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buhle, JT, Silvers, JA, Wager, TD, Lopez, R, Onyemekwu, C, Kober, H, Weber, J and Ochsner, KN (2014) Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex 24, 2981–2990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, JT, Hawkley, LC and Thisted, RA (2010) Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging 25, 453–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cai, Y, Li, S, Liu, J, Li, D, Feng, Z, Wang, Q, Chen, C and Xue, G (2016) The role of the frontal and parietal cortex in proactive and reactive inhibitory control: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, 177–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Z and Williams, KD (2012) Imagined future social pain hurts more now than imagined future physical pain. European Journal of Social Psychology 42(3SI), 314–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, HF, Horst, NK and Roberts, AC (2015) Regional inactivations of primate ventral prefrontal cortex reveal two distinct mechanisms underlying negative bias in decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, 4176–4181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cogiamanian, F, Vergari, M, Schiaffi, E, Marceglia, S, Ardolino, G, Barbieri, S and Priori, A (2011) Transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation inhibits the lower limb nociceptive flexion reflex in human beings. Pain 152, 370–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davey, CG, Allen, NB, Harrison, BJ and Yucel, M (2011) Increased amygdala response to positive social feedback in young people with major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 69, 734–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denny, BT and Ochsner, KN (2014) Behavioral effects of longitudinal training in cognitive reappraisal. Emotion 14, 425–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donofry, SD, Roecklein, KA, Wildes, JE, Miller, MA and Erickson, KI (2016) Alterations in emotion generation and regulation neurocircuitry in depression and eating disorders: a comparative review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 68, 911–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorfel, D, Lamke, JP, Hummel, F, Wagner, U, Erk, S and Walter, H (2014) Common and differential neural networks of emotion regulation by detachment, reinterpretation, distraction, and expressive suppression: a comparative fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 101, 298–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downey, G and Feldman, SI (1996) Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, 1327–1343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dryman, MT and Heimberg, RG (2018) Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: a systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical Psychology Review 65, 17–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehnvall, A, Mitchell, PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic, D, Parker, G, Frankland, A, Loo, C, et al. (2014) Rejection sensitivity and pain in bipolar versus unipolar depression. Bipolar Disorder 16, 190–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberger, NI, Lieberman, MD and Williams, KD (2003) Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302, 290–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, R, Lythe, K, Lee, R, McKie, S, Juhasz, G, Thomas, EJ, Downey, D, Deakin, JF and Anderson, IM (2012) Reduced medial prefrontal responses to social interaction images in remitted depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etkin, A and Schatzberg, AF (2011) Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 968–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feeser, M, Prehn, K, Kazzer, P, Mungee, A and Bajbouj, M (2014) Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive control during emotion regulation. Brain Stimulation 7, 105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filmer, HL, Dux, PE and Mattingley, JB (2014) Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function. Trends in Neurosciences 37, 742–753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fregni, F, Nitsche, MA, Loo, CK, Brunoni, AR, Marangolo, P, Leite, J, Carvalho, S, Bolognini, N, Caumo, W, Paik, NJ, Simis, M, Ueda, K, Ekhitari, H, Luu, P, Tucker, DM, Tyler, WJ, Brunelin, J, Datta, A, Juan, CH, Venkatasubramanian, G, Boggio, PS and Bikson, M (2015) Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): review and recommendations from an expert panel. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 32, 22–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fung, K, Xu, C, Glazier, BL, Parson, A and Alden, LE (2016) Research in clinical psychology: social exclusion and psychological disorders. In Riva, P and Eck, J (eds), Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing its Impact. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, pp. 157–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, JJ and John, OP (2003) Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, 348–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hames, JL, Hagan, CR and Joiner, TE (2013) Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9, 355–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C (2005) Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 1, 293–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, Z, Lin, Y, Xia, L, Liu, Z, Zhang, D and Elliott, R (2018) Critical role of the right VLPFC in emotional regulation of social exclusion: a tDCS study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 13, 357–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heller, AS, Johnstone, T, Peterson, MJ, Kolden, GG, Kalin, NH and Davidson, RJ (2013) Increased prefrontal cortex activity during negative emotion regulation as a predictor of depression symptom severity trajectory over 6 months. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 1181–1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, MJ, Simons, BSE, Horst, AK, Boehme, S, Straube, T and Polak, T (2018) Modulation of sustained fear by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC). Biological Psychology 139, 173–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschfeld, RM, Montgomery, SA, Keller, MB, Kasper, S, Schatzberg, AF, Möller, HJ, Healy, D, Baldwin, D, Humble, M, Versiani, M, Montenegro, R and Bourgeois, M (2000) Social functioning in depression: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, 268–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, DT, Sanford, BJ, Meyers, KK, Love, TM, Hazlett, KE, Walker, SJ, Mickey, BJ, Koeppe, RA, Langenecker, SA and Zubieta, JK (2015) It still hurts: altered endogenous opioid activity in the brain during social rejection and acceptance in major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 20, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, D, Yttredahl, A and Sankar, A (2018) Neuroimaging evidence for targeting abnormal responses to the social environment in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 83S, S27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, NC, Lord, KA and Newman, MG (2017) Perceived emotional social support in bereaved spouses mediates the relationship between anxiety and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 211, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankowski, KF, Batres, J, Scott, H, Smyda, G, Pfeifer, JH and Quevedo, K (2018) Feeling left out: depressed adolescents may atypically recruit emotional salience and regulation networks during social exclusion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 13, 863–876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jobst, A, Sabass, L, Palagyi, A, Bauriedl-Schmidt, C, Mauer, MC, Sarubin, N, et al. (2015) Effects of social exclusion on emotions and oxytocin and cortisol levels in patients with chronic depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research 60, 170–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanske, P, Heissler, J, Schönfelder, S, Bongers, A and Wessa, M (2011) How to regulate emotion? Neural networks for reappraisal and distraction. Cerebral Cortex 21, 1379–1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinner, VL, Kuchinke, L, Dierolf, AM, Merz, CJ, Otto, T and Wolf, OT (2017) What our eyes tell us about feelings: tracking pupillary responses during emotion regulation processes. Psychophysiology 54, 508–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenigs, M, Ukueberuwa, D, Campion, P, Grafman, J and Wassermann, E (2009) Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation: failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects. Clinical Neurophysiology 120, 80–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohn, N, Eickhoff, SB, Scheller, M, Laird, AR, Fox, PT and Habel, U (2014) Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation – an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage 87, 345–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kross, E, Egner, T, Ochsner, K, Hirsch, J and Downey, G (2007) Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, 945–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupferberg, A, Bicks, L and Hasler, G (2016) Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 69, 313–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, PJ, Bradley, MM and Cuthbert, BN (1995) The International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Gainesville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.Google Scholar
Liu, RT, Kraines, MA, Massing-Schaffer, M and Alloy, LB (2014) Rejection sensitivity and depression: mediation by stress generation. Psychiatry 77, 86–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohani, M and Isaacowitz, DM (2014) Age differences in managing response to sadness elicitors using attentional deployment, positive reappraisal and suppression. Cognition & Emotion 28, 678–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, G and Leary, MR (2005) Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin 131, 202–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manera, V, Samson, AC, Pehrs, C, Lee, IA and Gross, JJ (2014) The eyes have it: the role of attention in cognitive reappraisal of social stimuli. Emotion 14, 833–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marques, LM, Morello, L and Boggio, PS (2018) Ventrolateral but not dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on emotional experience and interbeat interval. Scientific Reports 8, 15295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, CL, Eisenberger, NI, Borofsky, LA, Pfeifer, JH, McNealy, K, Mazziotta, JC and Dapretto, M (2009) Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence: understanding the distress of peer rejection. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4, 143–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, CL, Eisenberger, NI, Borofsky, LA, McNealy, K, Pfeifer, JH and Dapretto, M (2011) Subgenual anterior cingulate responses to peer rejection: a marker of adolescents' risk for depression. Development and Psychopathology 23, 283–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medina, J and Cason, S (2017) No evidential value in samples of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies of cognition and working memory in healthy populations. Cortex 94, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miranda, PC, Lomarev, M and Hallett, M (2006) Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 117, 1623–1629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morawetz, C, Bode, S, Baudewig, J, Kirilina, E and Heekeren, HR (2016) Changes in effective connectivity between dorsal and ventral prefrontal regions moderate emotion regulation. Cerebral Cortex 26, 1923–1937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, SA, Flynn, C and Garber, J (2003) Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, 745–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ochsner, KN, Ray, RD, Cooper, JC, Robertson, ER, Chopra, S, Gabrieli, JD and Gross, JJ (2004) For better or for worse: neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage 23, 483–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onoda, K, Okamoto, Y, Nakashima, K, Nittono, H, Yoshimura, S, Yamawaki, S, Yamaguchi, S and Ura, M (2010) Does low self-esteem enhance social pain? The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, 385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfundmair, M, Graupmann, V, Frey, D and Aydin, N (2015) The different behavioral intentions of collectivists and individualists in response to social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41, 363–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulcu, E and Elliott, R (2015) Neural origins of psychosocial functioning impairments in major depression. The Lancet. Psychiatry 2, 835–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quitkin, FM (2002) Depression with atypical features: diagnostic validity, prevalence, and treatment. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4, 94–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhebergen, D, Beekman, AT, de Graaf, R, Nolen, WA, Spijker, J, Hoogendijk, WJ and Penninx, BW (2010) Trajectories of recovery of social and physical functioning in major depression, dysthymic disorder and double depression: a 3-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders 124, 148–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riva, P and Eck, J (2016) Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing its Impact. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P, Wirth, J and Williams, KD (2011) The consequences of pain: the social and physical pain overlap on psychological responses. European Journal of Social Psychology 41, 681–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, P, Romero, LL, Dewall, CN and Bushman, BJ (2012) Buffer the pain away: stimulating the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex reduces pain following social exclusion. Psychological Science 23, 1473–1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riva, P, Romero, LL, DeWall, CN, Chester, DS and Bushman, BJ (2015) Reducing aggressive responses to social exclusion using transcranial direct current stimulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10, 352–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rive, MM, van Rooijen, G, Veltman, DJ, Phillips, ML, Schene, AH and Ruhe, HG (2013) Neural correlates of dysfunctional emotion regulation in major depressive disorder. A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 37(10 Pt 2), 2529–2553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rive, MM, Mocking, RJ, Koeter, MW, van Wingen, G, de Wit, SJ, van den Heuvel, OA, Veltman, DJ, Ruhé, HG and Schene, AH (2015) State-dependent differences in emotion regulation between unmedicated bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 687–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenquist, JN, Fowler, JH and Christakis, NA (2011) Social network determinants of depression. Molecular Psychiatry 16, 273–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saturnino, GB, Antunes, A and Thielscher, A (2015) On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by tDCS. Neuroimage 120, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seibt, O, Brunoni, AR, Huang, Y and Bikson, M (2015) The pursuit of DLPFC: non-neuronavigated methods to target the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex with symmetric bicephalic transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimulation 8, 590–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sethi, N, Moulds, ML and Richardson, R (2013) The role of focus of attention and reappraisal in prolonging the negative effects of ostracism. Group Dynamics 17, 110–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, JS, Dahl, RE, Ryan, ND, Forbes, EE, Axelson, DA, Birmaher, B and Siegle, GJ (2007) Pupillary reactivity to emotional information in child and adolescent depression: links to clinical and ecological measures. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 1873–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, JS, Stroud, LR, Siegle, GJ, Dahl, RE, Lee, KH and Nelson, EE (2012) Peer acceptance and rejection through the eyes of youth: pupillary, eyetracking and ecological data from the Chatroom Interact task. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 7, 93–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, JS, Siegle, GJ, Lee, KH, Nelson, EE, Stroud, LR and Dahl, RE (2014) Increased neural response to peer rejection associated with adolescent depression and pubertal development. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, 1798–1807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavich, GM, O'Donovan, A, Epel, ES and Kemeny, ME (2010) Black sheep get the blues: a psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 39–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL, Lushene, RE, Vagg, PR and Jacobs, GA (1983) Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Twenge, JM, Baumeister, RF, Tice, DM and Stucke, TS (2001) If you can't join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, 1058–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, E (2016) Cadaver study challenges brain stimulation methods. Science 352, 397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Brink, RHS, Schutter, N, Hanssen, DJC, Elzinga, BM, Rabeling-Keus, IM, Stek, ML, Comijs, HC, Penninx, BWJH and Oude Voshaar, RC (2018) Prognostic significance of social network, social support and loneliness for course of major depressive disorder in adulthood and old age. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, 266–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderhasselt, MA, Remue, J, Ng, KK, Mueller, SC and De Raedt, R (2015) The regulation of positive and negative social feedback: a psychophysiological study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 15, 553–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderhasselt, M, De Raedt, R, Nasso, S, Puttevils, L and Mueller, SC (2018) Don't judge me: psychophysiological evidence of gender differences to social evaluative feedback. Biological Psychology 135, 29–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vannorsdall, TD, van Steenburgh, JJ, Schretlen, DJ, Jayatillake, R, Skolasky, RL and Gordon, B (2016) Reproducibility of tDCS results in a randomized trial: failure to replicate findings of tDCS-induced enhancement of verbal fluency. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 29, 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Orden, A and Joiner, T (2013) Depression and suicide: transactional relations with rejection. In DeWall, CN (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Exclusion. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 211–219.Google Scholar
van Reekum, CM, Johnstone, T, Urry, HL, Thurow, ME, Schaefer, HS, Alexander, AL and Davidson, RJ (2007) Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect. Neuroimage 36, 1041–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vergallito, A, Riva, P, Pisoni, A and Romero, LL (2018) Modulation of negative emotions through anodal tDCS over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 119, 128–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vijayakumar, N, Cheng, TW and Pfeifer, JH (2017) Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies. Neuroimage 153, 359–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrticka, P, Sander, D and Vuilleumier, P (2011) Effects of emotion regulation strategy on brain responses to the valence and social content of visual scenes. Neuropsychologia 49, 1067–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wager, TD and Smith, EE (2003) Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 3, 255–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wager, TD, Davidson, ML, Hughes, BL, Lindquist, MA and Ochsner, KN (2008) Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. Neuron 59, 1037–1050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, KD (2007) Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology 58, 425–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, KD and Jarvis, B (2006) Cyberball: a program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance. Behavior Research Methods 38, 174–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, KD, Govan, CL, Croker, V, Tynan, D, Cruickshank, M and Lam, A (2002) Investigations into differences between social- and cyberostracism. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 6, 65–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, JH (2016) Methods for investigating social exclusion. In Riva, P and Eck, J (eds), Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing its Impact. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 25–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, W, Levordashka, A, Ruff, JR, Kraaijeveld, S, Lueckmann, J and Williams, KD (2015) Ostracism online: a social media ostracism paradigm. Behavior Research Methods 47, 361–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yanagisawa, K, Masui, K, Furutani, K, Nomura, M, Ura, M and Yoshida, H (2011) Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain? An NIRS study of social exclusion. Social Neuroscience 6, 190–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, L, Feng, C, Quinn, PC, Ding, H, Li, J, Liu, Y and Lee, K (2014) Do individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder scan faces differently? A new multi-method look at an existing controversy. Autism Research 7, 72–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilverstand, A, Parvaz, MA and Goldstein, RZ (2017) Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review. Neuroimage 151, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, WW, Richards, CB and Short, MJ (1965) Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic. Further validation of the SDS. Archives Of General Psychiatry 13, 508–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar