Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T09:34:47.005Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Implication of reward alterations in the expression of negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a behavioural and DTI study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2017

L. Dubourg ,
M. Schneider ,
M. C. Padula ,
L. Chambaz ,
M. Schaer  and
S. Eliez
L. Dubourg*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Schneider
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
M. C. Padula
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Chambaz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Schaer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
S. Eliez
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
*
*Address for correspondence: L. Dubourg, MSc, Office-médico-pédagogique, Rue David-Dufour 1, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Alterations of the reward system have been proposed as one of the core mechanisms underlying the expression of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Specifically, deficits in specific reward components and white matter (WM) integrity of the reward system have been highlighted. The putative link between negative symptoms and the hedonic experience, or structural connectivity of the reward system has never been examined in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a condition with increased risk for psychosis.

Method

Anticipatory and consummatory dimensions of pleasure were assessed in participants with 22q11DS (N = 54) and healthy controls (N = 55). In patients with 22q11DS, the association between pleasure scores and positive or negative symptoms was investigated. Furthermore, WM integrity of the accumbofrontal tract was quantified using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Associations between DTI measures, pleasure dimensions and negative symptoms were examined.

Results

Patients with 22q11DS showed reduced anticipatory and consummatory pleasure compared to controls. Furthermore, anticipatory pleasure scores were negatively correlated to negative and positive symptoms in 22q11DS. WM microstructural changes of the accumbofrontal tract in terms of increased fractional anisotropy and reduced radial anisotropy were also identified in patients. However, no significant correlation between the DTI measures and pleasure dimensions or psychotic symptoms was observed.

Conclusions

This study revealed that participants with 22q11DS differed in their experience of pleasure compared to controls. The anticipatory pleasure component appears to be related to negative and positive symptom severity in patients. Alterations of WM integrity of the accumbofrontal tract seem to be related to myelination abnormalities in 22q11DS patients.

Keywords

22q11.2 deletion syndromenegative symptomsreward systemwhite matter
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 8 , June 2017 , pp. 1442 - 1453
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Archenbach, TM (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry: Burlington.Google Scholar
Baker, KD, Skuse, DH (2005). Adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 115–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnea-Goraly, N, Menon, V, Krasnow, B, Ko, A, Reiss, A, Eliez, S (2003). Investigation of white matter structure in velocardiofacial syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 1863–1869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berridge, KC (2003). Pleasures of the brain. Brain and Cognition 52, 106–128.Google Scholar
Berridge, KC (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 191, 391–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracht, T, Horn, H, Strik, W, Federspiel, A, Razavi, N, Stegmayer, K, Wiest, R, Dierks, T, Müller, TJ, Walther, S (2014). White matter pathway organization of the reward system is related to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 153, 136–142.Google Scholar
Buck, B, Lysaker, PH (2013). Consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia in schizophrenia: stability, and associations with emotional distress and social function over six months. Psychiatry Research 205, 30–35.Google Scholar
Budde, MD, Xie, M, Cross, AH, Song, S-K (2009). Axial diffusivity is the primary correlate of axonal injury in the EAE spinal cord: a quantitative pixelwise analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 29, 2805–2813.Google Scholar
Cassidy, CM, Lepage, M, Harvey, P-O, Malla, A (2012). Cannabis use and anticipatory pleasure as reported by subjects with early psychosis and community controls. Schizophrenia Research 137, 39–44.Google Scholar
Chan, RCK, Wang, Y, Huang, J, Shi, Y, Wang, Y, Hong, X, Ma, Z, Li, Z, Lai, MK, Kring, AM (2010). Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure in schizophrenia: cross-cultural validation and extension. Psychiatry Research 175, 181–183.Google Scholar
Chen, J, Lipska, BK, Halim, N, Ma, KD, Matsumoto, M, Melhem, S, Kolochana, BS, Hyde, TM, Herman, MM, Apud, J, Egan, MF, Kleinman, JE, Weinberger, DR (2004). Functional analysis of genetic variation in cathechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA protein and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics 75, 807–821.Google Scholar
da Silva Alves, F, Schmitz, N, Bloemen, O, van der Meer, J, Meijer, J, Boot, E, Nederveen, A, de Haan, L, Linszen, D, van Amelsvoort, T (2011). White matter abnormalities in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome with and without schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 132, 75–83.Google Scholar
Debbané, M, Glaser, B, David, MK, Feinstein, C, Eliez, S (2006). Psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: neuropsychological and behavioral implications. Schizophrenia Research 84, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debbané, M, Glaser, B, Gex-Fabry, M, Eliez, S (2005). Temporal perception in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Neuropsychologia 43, 1754–1762.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, M, Bohlken, MM, Mandl, RCW, Kahn, RS, Vink, M (2015). Reduced fronto–striatal white matter integrity in schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings: a DTI study. Schizophrenia 1, 15001.Google Scholar
Dreher, J-C, Kohn, P, Kolachana, B, Weinberger, DR, Berman, KF (2009). Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106, 617–622.Google Scholar
Edwards, CJ, Cella, M, Tarrier, N, Wykes, T (2015). Predicting the future in schizophrenia: the discrepancy between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Psychiatry Research 229, 462–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Favrod, J, Ernst, F, Giuliani, F, Bonsack, C (2009). Validation of the temporal experience of pleasure scale (TEPS) in a french-speaking environment. L'Encéphale 35, 241–248.Google Scholar
First, M, Spitzer, R, Gibbon, M, Williams, J (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press Inc.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Nelson, B, Valmaggia, L, Yung, AR, McGuire, PK (2014). Comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders in 509 individuals with an at-risk mental state: impact on psychopathology and transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 120–131.Google Scholar
Gard, DE, Gard, MG, Kring, AM, John, OP (2006). Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: a scale development study. Journal of Research in Personality 40, 1086–1102.Google Scholar
Gard, DE, Kring, AM, Gard, MG, Horan, WP, Green, MF (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research 93, 253–260.Google Scholar
Gard, DE, Sanchez, AH, Cooper, K, Fisher, M, Garrett, C, Vinogradov, S (2014). Do people with schizophrenia have difficulty anticipating pleasure, engaging in effortful behavior, or both? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 123, 771–782.Google Scholar
Gooding, DC, Pflum, MJ (2012). The nature of diminished pleasure in individuals at risk for or affected by schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 198, 172–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haber, SN (2011). Neuroanatomy of reward: a view from the ventral striatum. In: Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward (ed. Gottfried, J. A.), chapter 11. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Haber, SN, Knutson, B (2010). The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 4–26.Google Scholar
Haber, SN, Kunishio, K, Mizobuchi, M, Lynd-Balta, E (1995). The orbital and medial prefrontal circuit through the primate basal ganglia. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 4851–4867.Google Scholar
Jalbrzikowski, M, Villalon-Reina, JE, Karlsgodt, KH, Senturk, D, Chow, C, Thompson, PM, Bearden, CE (2014). Altered white matter microstructure is associated with social cognition and psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 11, 8:393.Google Scholar
James, A, Joyce, E, Lunn, D, Hough, M, Kenny, L, Ghataorhe, P, Fernandez, H, Matthews, PM, Zarei, M (2016). Abnormal frontostriatal connectivity in adolescent-onset schizophrenia and its relationship to cognitive functioning. European Psychiatry 35, 32–38.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, M, Smith, S (2001). A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images. Medical Image Analysis 5, 143–156.Google Scholar
Karlsgodt, KH, John, M, Ikuta, T, Rigoard, P, Peters, BD, Derosse, P, Malhotra, AK, Szeszko, PR (2015). The accumbofrontal tract: diffusion tensor imaging characterization and developmental change from childhood to adulthood. Human Brain Mapping 36, 4954–4963.Google Scholar
Kates, WR, Olszewski, AK, Gnirke, MH, Kikinis, Z, Nelson, J, Antshel, KM, Fremont, W, Radoeva, PD, Middleton, FA, Shenton, ME, Coman, IL (2015). White matter microstructural abnormalities of the cingulum bundle in youths with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: associations with medication, neuropsychological function, and prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 161, 76–84.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J, Birmaher, B, Brent, D, Rao, U, Flynn, C, Moreci, P, Williamson, D, Ryan, N (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 980–988.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Fiszbein, A, Opler, LA (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kring, AM, Barch, DM (2014). The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: neural substrates and behavioral outputs. European Neuropsychopharmacology 24, 725–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachman, HM, Papolos, DF, Saito, T, Yu, YM, Szumlanski, CL, Weinshilboum, RM (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6, 243–250.Google Scholar
Lancaster, TM, Linden, DE, Heerey, EA (2012). COMT val158met predicts reward responsiveness in humans. Genes, Brain and Behavior 11, 986–992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Mou, X, Jiang, W, Yang, Z, Shen, X, Jin, Z, Dai, Z, Liu, Y, Mao, S, Zhang, J, Yuan, Y (2015 a). A comparative study of anhedonia components between major depression and schizophrenia in Chinese populations. Annals of General Psychiatry 14, 24.Google Scholar
Li, Z, Lui, SSY, Geng, F, Li, Y, Li, W, Wang, C, Tan, S, Cheung, EFC, Kring, AM, Chan, RCK (2015 b). Experiential pleasure deficits in different stages of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 166, 98–103.Google Scholar
Lippa, AS, Antelman, SM, Fisher, AE, Canfield, DR (1973). Neurochemical mediation of reward: a significant role for dopamine? Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1, 23–28.Google Scholar
Loas, G, Monestes, J-L, Ameller, A, Bubrovszky, M, Yon, V, Wallier, J, Berthoz, S, Corcos, M, Thomas, P, Gard, DE (2009). Psychometric properties of the French version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS): study on 125 university students and on 162 psychiatric subjects. Annales Médico-psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique 167, 641–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lui, SSY, Wang, Y, Shi, Y, Au, ACW, Wong, PTY, Chu, ZLS, Kring, AM, Cheung, EFC, Chan, RCK (2015). Subjective pleasure experience in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Research 228, 166–169.Google Scholar
Martin, EA, Becker, TM, Cicero, DC, Docherty, AR, Kerns, JG (2011). Differential associations between schizotypy facets and emotion traits. Psychiatry Research 187, 94–99.Google Scholar
McAusland, L, Buchy, L, Cadenhead, KS, Cannon, TD, Cornblatt, BA, Heinssen, R, McGlashan, TH, Perkins, DO, Seidman, LJ, Tsuang, MT, Walker, EF, Woods, SW, Bearden, CE, Mathalon, DH, Addington, J (2015). Anxiety in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry Online ISSN: 1751-7893.Google ScholarPubMed
Mote, J, Minzenberg, M, Carter, CS, Kring, AM (2014). Deficits in anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure in people with recent-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research 159, 76–79.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, P, McKinstry, RC (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of human brain development. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 16, 19–43, vii.Google Scholar
Murphy, KC (2005). Annotation: velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 563–571.Google Scholar
Oorschot, M, Lataster, T, Thewissen, V, Lardinois, M, Wichers, M, van Os, J, Delespaul, P, Myin-Germeys, I (2013). Emotional experience in negative symptoms of schizophrenia–no evidence for a generalized hedonic deficit. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 217–225.Google Scholar
Ottet, M-C, Schaer, M, Cammoun, L, Schneider, M, Debbané, M, Thiran, J-P, Eliez, S (2013 a). Reduced Fronto-temporal and limbic connectivity in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: vulnerability markers for developing schizophrenia? PLoS ONE 8, e58429.Google Scholar
Ottet, M-C, Schaer, M, Debbané, M, Cammoun, L, Thiran, J-P, Eliez, S (2013 b). Graph theory reveals dysconnected hubs in 22q11DS and altered nodal effeciency in patients with hallucinations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 27, 808–821.Google Scholar
Perivoliotis, D, Cather, C (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy of negative symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology 65, 815–830.Google Scholar
Perlstein, MD, Chohan, MR, Coman, IL, Antshel, KM, Fremont, WP, Gnirke, MH, Kikinis, Z, Middleton, FA, Radoeva, PD, Shenton, ME, Kates, WR (2014). White matter abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: preliminary associations with the Nogo-66 receptor gene and symptoms of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 152, 117–123.Google Scholar
Quan, M, Lee, S-H, Kubicki, M, Kikinis, Z, Rathi, Y, Seidman, LJ, Mesholam-Gately, RI, Goldstein, JM, McCarley, RW, Shenton, ME, Levitt, JJ (2013). White matter tract abnormalities between rostral middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and striatum in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 145, 1–10.Google Scholar
Radoeva, PD, Coman, IL, Antshel, KM, Fremont, W, McCarthy, CS, Kotkar, A, Wang, D, Shprintzen, RJ, Kates, WR (2012). Atlas-based white matter analysis in individuals with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings. Behavioral and Brain Functions 8, 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reich, W (2000). Diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 59–66.Google Scholar
Scariati, E, Padula, MC, Schaer, M, Eliez, S (2016). Long-range dysconnectivity in frontal and midline structures is associated to psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Journal of Neural Transmission 123, 823–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlosser, DA, Fisher, M, Gard, D, Fulford, D, Loewy, RL, Vinogradov, S (2014). Motivational deficits in individuals at-risk for psychosis and across the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 158, 52–57.Google Scholar
Schneider, M, Armando, M, Pontillo, M, Vicari, S, Debbané, M, Schultze-Lutter, F, Eliez, S (2016). Ultra high risk status and transition to psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Word Psychiatry 15, 259–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M, Debbané, M, Bassett, AS, Chow, EWC, Fung, WLA, van den Bree, M, Owen, M, Murphy, KC, Niarchou, M, Kates, WR, Antshel, KM, Fremont, W, McDonald-McGinn, DM, Gur, RE, Zackai, EH, Vorstman, J, Duijff, SN, Klaassen, PWJ, Swillen, A, Gothelf, D, Green, T, Weizman, A, Van Amelsvoort, T, Evers, L, Boot, E, Shashi, V, Hooper, SR, Bearden, CE, Jalbrzikowski, M, Armando, M, Vicari, S, Murphy, DG, Ousley, O, Campbell, LE, Simon, TJ, Eliez, S, International, Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (2014). Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 627–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, M, Van der Linden, M, Glaser, B, Rizzi, E, Dahoun, SP, Hinard, C, Bartoloni, L, Antonarakis, SE, Debbané, M, Eliez, S (2012). Preliminary structure and predictive value of attenuated negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Research 196, 277–284.Google Scholar
Stoddard, J, Niendam, T, Hendren, R, Carter, C, Simon, TJ (2010). Attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis in adolescents with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 118, 118–121.Google Scholar
Sherdell, L, Waugh, CE, Gotlib, IH (2012). Anticipatory pleasure predicts motivation for reward in major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121, 51–60.Google Scholar
Shi, Y, Wang, Y, Cao, X, Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Zong, J, Xu, T, Tse, VWS, Hsi, X, Stone, WS, Lui, SSY, Cheung, EFC, Chan, RCK (2012). Experience of pleasure and emotional expression in individuals with schizotypal personality features. PLoS ONE 7, e34147.Google Scholar
Simon, TJ, Wu, Z, Avants, B, Zhang, H, Gee, JC, Stebbins, GT (2008). Atypical cortical connectivity and visuospatial cognitive impairments are related in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Behavioral and Brain Functions: BBF 4, 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, SM (2002). Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping 17, 143–155.Google Scholar
Song, S-K, Sun, S-W, Ju, W-K, Lin, S-J, Cross, AH, Neufeld, AH (2003). Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia. NeuroImage 20, 1714–1722.Google Scholar
Strauss, GP, Wilbur, RC, Warren, KR, August, SM, Gold, JM (2011). Anticipatory vs. consummatory pleasure: what is the nature of hedonic deficits in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Research 187, 36–41.Google Scholar
Sundram, F, Campbell, LE, Azuma, R, Daly, E, Bloemen, OJN, Barker, GJ, Chitnis, X, Jones, DK, van Amelsvoort, T, Murphy, KC, Murphy, DGM (2010). White matter microstructure in 22q11 deletion syndrome: a pilot diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry study of children and adolescents. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2, 77–92.Google Scholar
Thomsen, KR (2015). Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1409.Google Scholar
Trémeau, F, Antonius, D, Cacioppo, JT, Ziwich, R, Butler, P, Malaspina, D, Javitt, DC (2010). Anticipated, on-line and remembered positive experience in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 122, 199–205.Google Scholar
van Duin, ED, Goossens, L, Hernaus, D, da Silva Alves, F, Schmitz, N, Schruers, K, van Amelsvoort, T (2016). Neural correlates of reward processing in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Journal of Neurodevlopmental Disorders 8, 25.Google Scholar
Villalon-Reina, J, Jahanshad, N, Beaton, E, Toga, AW, Thompson, PM, Simon, TJ (2013). White matter microstructural abnormalities in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Fragile X or Turner syndrome as evidenced by diffusion tensor imaging. NeuroImage 81, 441–454.Google Scholar
Weschsler, D (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edn. Manual. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio.Google Scholar
Weschsler, D (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edn. Administration and Scoring Manual. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio.Google Scholar
Whitford, TJ, Kubicki, M, Schneiderman, JS, O'Donnell, LJ, King, R, Alvarado, JL, Khan, U, Markant, D, Nestor, PG, Niznikiewicz, M, McCarley, RW, Westin, C-F, Shenton, ME (2010). Corpus callosum abnormalities and their association with psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 68, 70–77.Google Scholar
Wynn, JK, Horan, WP, Kring, AM, Simons, RF, Green, MF (2010). Impaired anticipatory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 77, 141–149.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Dubourg supplementary material

Tables S1-S2

Download Dubourg supplementary material(File)
File 15.9 KB