Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T17:23:06.497Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Hypotheses linking neuroses with premature mortality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Andrew Sims*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr A. C. P. Sims, Department of Psychiatry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B152TH.

Synopsis

The death risk for psychiatric patients has decreased over the last 30 years but still remains higher than that of the general population. The death risk for patients with a diagnosis of neurosis is higher than that for the general population. Previous studies are enlisted to investigate this mortality for socio-economic characteristics, alcohol and drug abuse, psychopathy and accident proneness. Possible psychosomatic aetiology of disease and subsequent death is examined. Psychological theories for premature death are discussed and some recommendations made for future areas of enquiry.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alderson, M. (1975). Relationship between month of birth and month of death in the elderly. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 29, 159165.Google ScholarPubMed
Appleton, W. S. (1975). The blame of dying young. American Journal of Psychoanalysis 35, 377381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babigian, H. M. & Odoroff, C. L. (1969). The mortality experience of a population with psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 126 (4), 470480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, J. C. (1968). Scared to Death. An Examination of Fear, its Causes and Effects. Frederick Muller: London.Google Scholar
Barraclough, B., Bunch, J., Nelson, B. & Sainsbury, P. (1974). A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 125, 355373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barraclough, B., Holding, T. & Fryers, P. (1976). Influence of coroner's officers and pathologists on suicide verdicts. British Journal of Psychiatry 128, 471474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennet, G. (1970). Bristol floods 1968. Controlled survey of effects on health of local community disaster. British Medical Journal iii, 454458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkson, J. (1962). Difficulty of interpretation of the association of death rates and physical factors. Bulletin of International Statistical Institution 39, 425436.Google Scholar
Bunch, J. & Barraclough, B. (1971). The influence of parental death anniversaries upon suicide dates. British Journal of Psychiatric Social Work 118, 621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, B. H. & Howell, J. B. L. (1969). Disproportionately severe breathlessness in chronic bronchitis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 38, 277294.Google ScholarPubMed
Burrell, R. J. W. (1963). The possible bearing of curse death and other factors in Bantu culture on the etiology of myocardial infarction. In Henry Ford Hospital International Symposium: The Etiology of Myocardial Infarction (ed. James, T. N. and Keyes, J. W.), pp. 95100. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1942). ‘Voodoo’ death. American Anthropologist 44, 169181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1957). ‘Voodoo’ death. Psychosomatic Medicine 19, 182190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, M. E. (1969). Aggression and atheroma. Lancet ii, 11701171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapple, P. A. L., Somekh, D. E. & Taylor, M. E. (1972). Follow-up cases of opiate addiction from the time of notification to the Home Office. British Medical Journal ii, 680683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S. I. & Hajioff, J. (1972). Life events and the onset of acute closed-angle glaucoma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 16, 335341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppen, A. & Metcalfe, M. (1963). Cancer and extraversion. British Medical Journal ii, 1819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, P. R. & Ford, J. R. (1964). The mortality of widows shortly after widowhood. Lancet i, 163164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, M. H. (1970). Blood pressure and personality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 14, 89104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, K., Roth, M. & Gibson, A. (1964). Prematurely aged appearance and simulated endocrine disorder in chronic anxiety. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 40, 141159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eastwood, M. R. & Trevelyan, M. H. (1971). Stress and coronary heart disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 15, 289292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekblom, B. & Frisk, M. (1961). On changes in the death risk in mental hospitals in Finland during the years 1920–55. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 36, 300324.Google Scholar
Elkinton, J. R. (1971). Scared to death? Annals of Internal Medicine 74, 789.Google ScholarPubMed
Engel, G. L. (1968). A life setting conducive to illness: The giving up/given up complex. Annals of Internal Medicine 69, 293300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, G. L. (1971). Sudden and rapid death during psychological stress, folklore, or folkwisdom. Annals of Internal Medicine 74, 771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1959). The Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. University of London Press: London.Google Scholar
Farr, W. (1841). Report upon the mortality of lunatics. Journal of the Statistical Society 4, 1733.Google Scholar
Friedman, M. & Rosenman, R. H. (1971). Type A behaviour pattern: its association with coronary heart disease. Annals of Clinical Research 3, 300.Google Scholar
Friedman, M. & Rosenman, R. H. (1974). Type A Behaviour and Your Heart. Wildwood House: London.Google Scholar
Friedman, M., Byers, S. O., Diamant, J. R. & Rosenman, R. H. (1975). Plasma catecholamine response of coronary-prone subjects (Type A) to a specific challenge. Metabolism 24, 205210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friesinger, (1967). Clinicopathologic conference. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 120, 186199.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Blackwell, B. (1970). Psychiatric illness in general practice. A detailed study using a new method of case identification. British Medical Journal ii, 439443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, M. & Woods, H. M. (1919). A report on the incidence of industrial accidents upon individuals with special reference to multiple accidents. Industrial Fatigue Research Board Reports 4, 111.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. S. (1973). Prediction of accidents in a standardized home environment. Journal of Applied Psychology 57, 306313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagnell, O. (1966). The premorbid personality of persons who develop cancer in a total population investigated in 1947 and 1957. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 125, 846855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, P. (1974). La mortalité dans les troubles psychiques. Médecine et Hygiene 32, 13231326.Google Scholar
Hinkle, L. E. & Wolff, H. G. (1957). The nature of man's adaptation to his total environment and the relation of this to illness. Archives of Internal Medicine 99, 442460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, F. G. (1975). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W. (1966). Mortality of psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 42, 349361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holding, T. A. & Barraclough, B. M. (1975). Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a London coroner's open verdicts. British Journal of Psychiatry 127, 133143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holding, T. A. & Barraclough, B. M. (1977). Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of accidents. British Journal of Psychiatry 130, 244252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes, G. & Millar, W. M. (1970). Mortality among psychiatric patients. Scottish Medical Journal 15, 143148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keehn, R. J. (1977). Military rank at separation and mortality. Armed Forces and Society.Google Scholar
Keehn, R. J., Goldberg, I. D. & Beebe, G. W. (1974). Twenty four year mortality follow-up of army veterans with disability separations for psychoneurosis in 1944. Psychosomatic Medicine 36, 2746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, T. A., Gurney, C., Schapira, K. & Roth, M. (1970). Measurement and prediction of outcome in affective disorders. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 63, 235238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessel, N. & Grossman, K. G. (1961). Suicide in alcoholics. British Medical Journal ii, 1671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessel, W. I. N. (1963). Who ought to see a psychiatrist? Lancet i, 10821095.Google Scholar
Leighton, D. C., Harding, J. S., Macklin, D. B., Hughes, C. C. & Leighton, A. H. (1963). Psychiatric findings of the Stirling County Study. American Journal of Psychiatry 119, 10211026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, J. M. (1964). Suicide and homicide by automobile. American Journal of Psychiatry 121, 366370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malzberg, B. (1934). Mortality among Patients with Mental Disease. New York State Hospital Press: Utica.Google Scholar
Mann, A. H. (1977). The psychological effect of a screening programme and clinical trial for hypertension upon the participants. Psychological Medicine 7, 431438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milton, G. W. (1973). Self-willed death or the bone pointing syndrome. Lancet i, 14351436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, V. (1959). Mental Illness in London. Maudsley Monograph no. 6. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Ødegård, Ø. (1952). The excess mortality of the insane. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica 27, 353367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovenstone, I. M. K. (1973). A psychiatric approach to the diagnosis of suicide and its effect upon the Edinburgh statistics. British Journal of Psychiatry 123, 1521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, C. M., Benjamin, B. & Fitzgerald, R. G. (1969). Broken heart: A statistical study of increased mortality among widowers. British Medical Journal i, 740743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlman, L. V., Ferguson, S., Bergum, K., Isenberg, E. L. & Hammcrstein, J. F. (1971). Precipitation of congestive heart failure: social and emotional factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 75, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahe, R., Romo, M., Bennett, L. & Siltanen, P. (1974). Recent life changes, myocardial infarction and abrupt coronary death. Archives of Internal Medicine 133, 221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, W. D. & Lutkins, S. G. (1967). Mortality of bereavement. British Medical Journal, iv, 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Registrar General (1968). A Glossary of Mental Disorders. Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, no. 22. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Registrar General (1976). Statistical Review of England and Wales for the Year 1973. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Richter, C. P. (1957). On the phenomenon of sudden death in animals and man. Psychosomatic Medicine 19, 191198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorsman, B. (1968). Dödligheten bland psykiatriska patienter. Läkantida 65, 149156.Google Scholar
Rorsman, B. (1973). Suicide in psychiatric patients: a comparative study. Social Psychiatry 8, 5566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorsman, B. (1974). Mortality among psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 50, 354375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sainsbury, P. A. (1968). Suicide and depression. In Recent Developments in Affective Disorders (ed. Coppen, A. and Walk, A.), pp. 113. British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication No. 2. Headley Brothers: Ashford.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, P. & Barraclough, B. (1968). Differences between suicide rates. Nature 220, 1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmale, A. H. & Iker, H. P. (1966). The affect of hopelessness and the development of cancer. I. Identification of uterine cervical cancer in women with atypical cytology. Psychosomatic Medicine 28, 714721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, C. W., Perlin, S., Fisher, R. S. & Shaffer, J. W. (1972). Characteristics of drivers involved in simple car accidents. A comparative study. Archives of General Psychiatry 27, 800803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, W. & De Lint, J. (1969). Mortality experience of male and female alcoholic patients. Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcoholism 30, 112118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seltzer, C. C. (1963). Morphologic constitution and smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association 183, 639645.Google ScholarPubMed
Selzer, M. L., Rogers, J. E. & Kern, S. (1968). Fatal accidents: The role of psychopathology, social stress and acute disturbance. American Journal of Psychiatry 124, 10281036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, J. W. & Fisher, R. S. (1974). Social adjustment profiles of fatally injured drivers; a replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry 30, 508511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, M. (1957). A Study of the Major Psychoses in an English County. Maudsley Monograph no. 3. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. & Gruenberg, E. M. (1957). The age for neuroses. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 35, 258265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, M., Cooper, B., Brown, A. C. & Kalton, G. W. (1966). Psychiatric Illness in General Practice. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Sims, A. C. P. (1973). The mortality in neurosis. Lancet ii, 10721076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sims, A. C. P. (1975). Dependence on alcohol and drugs following treatment for neurosis. British Journal of Addiction 70, 3340.Google ScholarPubMed
Sims, A. C. P. & Gooding, K. M. (1975). The psychiatric outcome of ‘normal’ people at follow-up. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12, 167175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sims, A. C. P. & Prior, P. (1978). Pattern of mortality in severe neuroses. Submitted for publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sims, A. C. P. & Salmons, P. H. (1975). The severity of symptoms of psychiatric out-patients: Use of the General Health Questionnaire in hospital and general practice patients. Psychological Medicine 5, 6266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjöbring, H. (1963). La Personalité, Structure et Développement. Doin: Paris.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. J. L. T., Baron, & Chave, S. (1964). Mental Health and Environment. Longmans: London.Google Scholar
Tokuhata, G. K. & Stehmann, W. A. (1958). Mortality in state mental hospitals of Michigan 1950–54. Public Health Report 73, 750761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardwell, W.I. & Bahnson, C. B. (1973). Behavioural variables and myocardial infarction in the south eastern Connecticut heart study. Journal of Chronic Diseases 26, 447461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisman, A. D. & Hackett, T. P. (1961). Predilection to death: Death and dying as a psychiatric problem. Psychosomatic Medicine 23, 232256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiteley, J. S. (1970). The response of psychopaths to a therapeutic community. British Journal of Psychiatry 116, 517529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (1965). International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (8th edn). WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar