Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:41:48.796Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depressive symptoms and allostatic load have a bidirectional association among Puerto Rican older adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2021

Amanda C. McClain Open the ORCID record for Amanda C. McClain [Opens in a new window] ,
Rui S. Xiao ,
Katherine L. Tucker ,
Luis M. Falcón  and
Josiemer Mattei Open the ORCID record for Josiemer Mattei [Opens in a new window]
Amanda C. McClain
Affiliation:
School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Rui S. Xiao
Affiliation:
IQVIA, Real-World Evidence, Cambridge, MA, USA
Katherine L. Tucker
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
Luis M. Falcón
Affiliation:
College of Fine Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
Josiemer Mattei*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Josiemer Mattei, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Depression is strongly associated with chronic disease; yet, the direction of this relationship is poorly understood. Allostatic load (AL) provides a framework for elucidating depression-disease pathways. We aimed to investigate bidirectional, longitudinal associations of baseline depressive symptoms or AL with 5-year AL or depressive symptoms, respectively.

Methods

Data were from baseline, 2-year, and 5-year visits of 620 adults (45–75 years) enrolled in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. The Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (0–60) captured depressive symptoms, which were categorized at baseline as low (<8), subthreshold (8–15), or depression-likely (⩾16) symptoms. AL was calculated from 11 parameters of biological functioning, representing five physiological systems. Baseline AL scores were categorized by the number of dysregulated parameters: low (0–2), moderate (3–5), or high (⩾6) AL. Multivariable, multilevel random intercept and slope linear regression models were used to examine associations between 3-category baseline CES-D score and 5-year continuous AL score, and between baseline 3-category AL and 5-year continuous CES-D score.

Results

Baseline subthreshold depressive symptoms [(mean (95% CI)): 4.8 (4.5–5.2)], but not depression-likely symptoms [4.5 (4.2–4.9)], was significantly associated with higher 5-year AL scores, compared to low depressive symptoms [4.3 (3.9–4.7)]. Baseline high AL [19.4 (17.6–21.2)], but not low AL [18.5 (16.5–20.6)], was significantly associated with higher 5-year CES-D score, compared to baseline moderate AL [16.9 (15.3–18.5)].

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms and AL had a bi-directional relationship over time, indicating a nuanced pathway linking depression with chronic diseases among a minority population.

Keywords

Allostatic loaddepressiondepressive symptomsHispanicsLatinosPuerto Ricans
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 14 , October 2022 , pp. 3073 - 3085
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

APA Working Group on Stress and Health Disparities. (2017). Stress and health disparities report: Contexts, mechanisms, and interventions among racial/ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status populations (pp. 1–66). Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Aziz, R., & Steffens, D. C. (2013). What are the causes of late-life depression? The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(4), 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, L. F., Quigley, K. S., & Hamilton, P. (2016). An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1708), 20160011. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benton, T., Staab, J., & Evans, D. (2007). Medical co-morbidity in depressive disorders. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 19(4), 289–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremmer, M. A., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Dik, M. G., Hack, C. E., & Hoogendijk, W. J. G. (2008). Inflammatory markers in late-life depression: Results from a population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106(3), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, K. L., Cathomas, F., & Russo, S. J. (2019). Central and peripheral inflammation link metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder. Physiology, 34(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00047.2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang-Quan, H., Bi-Rong, D., Zhen-Chan, L., Ji-Rong, Y., & Qing-Xiu, L. (2010a). Chronic diseases and risk for depression in old age: A meta-analysis of published literature. Microbes and Ageing, 9(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.05.005.Google Scholar
Chang-Quan, H., Xue-Mei, Z., Bi-Rong, D., Zhen-Chan, L., Ji-Rong, Y., & Qing-Xiu, L. (2010b). Health status and risk for depression among the elderly: A meta-analysis of published literature. Age and Ageing, 39(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, D. P., Perry, G. S., & Strine, T. W. (2005). The vital link between chronic disease and depressive disorders. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(1), A14.Google ScholarPubMed
Chiuve, S. E., Fung, T. T., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., McCullough, M. L., Wang, M., … Willett, W. C. (2012). Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. The Journal of Nutrition, 142(6), 1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.157222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, J., Kim, J., Kim, T.-K., Park, J.-Y., Lee, J.-E., Kim, H., … Han, P.-L. (2015). TRH And TRH receptor system in the basolateral amygdala mediate stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Neuropharmacology, 97, 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, J. L., Skoufalos, A., Medalia, A., & Fendrick, A. M. (2016). Improving health outcomes for patients with depression: A population health imperative. Report on an expert panel meeting. Population Health Management, 19(Suppl 2), S-1. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2016.0114.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, C. I., Magai, C., Yaffee, R., & Walcott-Brown, L. (2005). Racial differences in syndromal and subsyndromal depression in an older urban population. Psychiatric Services, 56(12), 1556–1563. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crews, D. E. (2007). Composite estimates of physiological stress, age, and diabetes in American Samoans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133(3), 1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daviglus, M. L., Talavera, G. A., Aviles-Santa, M. L., Allison, M., Cai, J., Criqui, M. H., … Stamler, J. (2012). Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases among Hispanic/Latino individuals of diverse backgrounds in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(17), 1775–1784. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dedovic, K., & Ngiam, J. (2015). The cortisol awakening response and major depression: Examining the evidence. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S62289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deleskog, A., Ljung, R., Forsell, Y., Nevriana, A., Almas, A., & Möller, J. (2019). Severity of depression, anxious distress and the risk of type 2 diabetes – a population-based cohort study in Sweden. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7322-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demakakos, P., Zaninotto, P., & Nouwen, A. (2014). Is the association between depressive symptoms and glucose metabolism bidirectional? Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(7), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dirmaier, J., Watzke, B., Koch, U., Schulz, H., Lehnert, H., Pieper, L., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2010). Diabetes in primary care: Prospective associations between depression, nonadherence and glycemic control. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1159/000296135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ducat, L., Philipson, L. H., & Anderson, B. J. (2014). The mental health comorbidities of diabetes. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(7), 691–692. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.8040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duivis, H. E., de Jonge, P., Penninx, B. W., Na, B. Y., Cohen, B. E., & Whooley, M. A. (2011). Depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and subsequent inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease: Prospective findings from the heart and soul study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(9), 913–920. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falcon, L. M., Todorova, I., & Tucker, K. (2009). Social support, life events, and psychological distress among the Puerto Rican population in the Boston area of the United States. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860903046552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finnell, J. E., & Wood, S. K. (2018). Putative inflammatory sensitive mechanisms underlying risk or resilience to social stress. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 240–240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrester, S. N., Leoutsakos, J.-M., Gallo, J. J., Thorpe, R. J., & Seeman, T. E. (2019). Association between allostatic load and health behaviours: A latent class approach. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., & Mattei, J. (2014). Allostatic load and the assessment of cumulative biological risk in biobehavioral medicine: Challenges and opportunities. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(7), 478–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., Cornman, J., Singer, B., Seeman, T., Goldman, N., & Chang, M.-C. (2004). Sex differentials in biological risk factors for chronic disease: Estimates from population-based surveys. Journal of Women's Health, 13(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099904323087088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gothe, F., Enache, D., Wahlund, L. O., Winblad, B., Crisby, M., Lokk, J., & Aarsland, D. (2012). Cerebrovascular diseases and depression: Epidemiology, mechanisms and treatment. Panminerva Medica, 54(3), 161–170.Google ScholarPubMed
Hartaigh, B. Ó., Loerbroks, A., Thomas, G. N., Engeland, C. G., Hollands, M. A., Fischer, J. E., & Bosch, J. A. (2012). Age-dependent and -independent associations between depression, anxiety, DHEAS, and cortisol: From the MIPH Industrial Cohort Studies (MICS). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(7), 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinkle, S. N., Buck Louis, G. M., Rawal, S., Zhu, Y., Albert, P. S., & Zhang, C. (2016). A longitudinal study of depression and gestational diabetes in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Diabetologia, 59(12), 2594–2602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4086-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howren, M., Lamkin, D., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, M. N., & Iqbal, F. (2019). Subthreshold depression and its association with cardiovascular risk. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 31(2), 130–136.Google ScholarPubMed
Juster, R.-P., Marin, M.-F., Sindi, S., Nair, N. P. V., Ng, Y. K., Pruessner, J. C., & Lupien, S. J. (2011). Allostatic load associations to acute, 3-year and 6-year prospective depressive symptoms in healthy older adults. Physiology & Behavior, 104(2), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katon, W. J. (2011). Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 13(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2011.13.1/wkaton.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendzor, D. E., Chen, M., Reininger, B. M., Businelle, M. S., Stewart, D. W., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., & …McCormick, J. B. (2014). The association of depression and anxiety with glycemic control among Mexican Americans with diabetes living near the U.S.-Mexico border. BMC Public Health, 14, 176–176. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, M. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in depression and Its theoretical perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 85(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-013-9265-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobrosly, R. W., Seplaki, C. L., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Moynihan, J., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2013). Multisystem physiological dysfunction is associated with depressive symptoms in a population-based sample of older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 718–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobrosly, R. W., van Wijngaarden, E., Seplaki, C. L., Cory-Slechta, D. A., & Moynihan, J. (2014). Depressive symptoms are associated with allostatic load among community-dwelling older adults. Physiology & Behavior, 123, 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, B. E., & Myint, A. (2009). The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(3), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1011.Google ScholarPubMed
Lopez, V., Sanchez, K., Killian, M. O., & Eghaneyan, B. H. (2018). Depression screening and education: An examination of mental health literacy and stigma in a sample of hispanic women. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 646. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5516-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Motzek, T., Konnopka, A., Konig, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012). Health service utilization and costs of depressive symptoms in late life – a systematic review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(36), 5936–5957. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212803523572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marin, G., & Gamba, R. J. (1996). A New measurement of acculturation for hispanics: The bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics (BAS). Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863960183002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattei, J., Bhupathiraju, S., & Tucker, K. L. (2013). Higher adherence to a diet score based on American heart association recommendations is associated with lower odds of allostatic load and metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rican adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(11), 1753–1759. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.180141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattei, J., Demissie, S., Falcon, L. M., Ordovas, J. M., & Tucker, K. (2010). Allostatic load is associated with chronic conditions in the Boston Puerto Rican health study. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 1988–1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattei, J., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Daviglus, M. L., Gallo, L. C., Gellman, M., Hu, F. B., & …Kaplan, R. C. (2016). Diet quality and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors vary by hispanic and latino ethnic background in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(10), 2035–2044. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1998a). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199801153380307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1998b). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2003a). Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00177-X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2003b). Interacting mediators of allostasis and allostatic load: Towards an understanding of resilience in aging. Aging: Beneficial Effects on Patients From Recent Advances in Genetics, Neurobiology, and Physiology, 52(2), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00295-6.Google ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2012). Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(2), 17180–17185. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121254109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(18), 2093–2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezuk, B., Eaton, W. W., Albrecht, S., & Golden, S. H. (2008). Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 31(12), 2383–2390. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscicki, E. K., Locke, B. Z., Rae, D. S., & Boyd, J. H. (1989). Depressive symptoms Among Mexican Americans: The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130(2), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Needham, B. L., Epel, E. S., Adler, N. E., & Kiefe, C. (2010). Trajectories of change in obesity and symptoms of depression: The CARDIA Study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemeroff, C. B., & Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J. (2012). Heartache and heartbreak – The link between depression and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9, 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2012.91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, K., Vizcaino, M., Ibarra, J. M., Balcazar, H., Perez, E., Flores, L., & Anders, R. L. (2015). Multimorbidity in a Mexican community: Secondary analysis of chronic illness and depression outcomes. International Journal of Nursing (New York, N.Y.), 2(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijn.v2n1a4.Google Scholar
Ogłodek, E., Szota, A., Just, M., Moś, D., & Araszkiewicz, A. (2014). The role of the neuroendocrine and immune systems in the pathogenesis of depression. Pharmacological Reports, 66(5), 776–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2014.04.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, A., Keum, N., Okereke, O. I., Sun, Q., Kivimaki, M., Rubin, R. R., & Hu, F. B. (2012). Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes Care, 35(5), 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-2055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., Criqui, M., … Vinicor, F. (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 107(3), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, L., & Steptoe, A. (2018). Depressive symptoms predict incident chronic disease burden 10 years later: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 113, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.07.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2014). Depression in the U.S. Household Population, 2009-2012 (NCHS Data Brief No. 172). National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Priest, J. B., Woods, S. B., Maier, C. A., Parker, E. O., Benoit, J. A., & Roush, T. R. (2015). The biobehavioral family model: Close relationships and allostatic load. Social Science & Medicine, 142, 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L. (1986). The use of the center for epidemiological studies – depression scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 5(1–2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renn, B. N., Feliciano, L., & Segal, D. L. (2011). The bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robison, J., Gruman, C., Gaztambide, S., & Blank, K. (2002). Screening for depression in middle-aged and older Puerto Rican primary care patients. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 57(5), M308–M314. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.5.M308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriquez, E. J., Livaudais-Toman, J., Gregorich, S. E., Jackson, J. S., Nápoles, A. M., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2018). Relationships between allostatic load, unhealthy behaviors, and depressive disorder in U.S. Adults, 2005–2012 NHANES. Preventive Medicine, 110, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, T., & Lloyd, C. E. (2012). Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 142, S8–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(12)70004-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salazar, C. R., Strizich, G., Seeman, T. E., Isasi, C. R., Gallo, L. C., Avilés-Santa, L. M., … Kaplan, R. C. (2016). Nativity differences in allostatic load by age, sex, and hispanic background from the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos. SSM – Population Health, 2, 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.05.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneiderman, N., Llabre, M., Cowie, C. C., Barnhart, J., Carnethon, M., Gallo, L. C., … Aviles-Santa, M. L. (2014). Prevalence of diabetes among Hispanics/Latinos from diverse backgrounds: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Diabetes Care, 37(8), 2233–2239. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., Rowe, J. W., Horwitz, R. I., & McEwen, B. S. (1997). Price of adaptation – allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(19), 2259–2268. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1997.00440400111013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Glei, D., & Weinstein, M. (2005). A comparative analysis of measurement approaches for physiological dysregulation in an older population. Experimental Gerontology, 40(5), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015). Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 40(5–6), 311–339. https://doi.org/10.1159/000437299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014). From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 774–815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, D., & Giese-Davis, J. (2003). Depression and cancer: Mechanisms and disease progression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00566-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2012). Depression and type 2 diabetes: Inflammatory mechanisms of a psychoneuroendocrine co-morbidity. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 658–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabák, A. G., Akbaraly, T. N., Batty, G. D., & Kivimäki, M. (2014). Depression and type 2 diabetes: A causal association? The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(3), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70139-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, K. L., Bermudez, O. I., & Castaneda, C. (2000a). Type 2 diabetes is prevalent and poorly controlled among Hispanic elders of Caribbean origin. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (8), 1288–1293. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1288.Google ScholarPubMed
Tucker, K. L., Bianchi, L. A., Maras, J., & Bermudez, O. I. (1998). Adaptation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess diets of Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(5), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, K. L., Falcon, L. M., Bianchi, L. A., Cacho, E., & Bermudez, O. I. (2000b). Self-reported prevalence and health correlates of functional limitation among Massachusetts elderly Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and non-Hispanic white neighborhood comparison group. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(2), M90–M97. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/55.2.M90.Google ScholarPubMed
Tucker, K. L., Mattei, J., Noel, S. E., Collado, B. M., Mendez, J., Nelson, J., … Falcon, L. M. (2010). The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study on health disparities in Puerto Rican adults: Challenges and opportunities. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuithof, M., ten Have, M., van Dorsselaer, S., Kleinjan, M., Beekman, A., & de Graaf, R. (2018). Course of subthreshold depression into a depressive disorder and its risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). How the census bureau measures poverty. U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, D.C. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html.Google Scholar
Vahia, I. V., Meeks, T. W., Thompson, W. K., Depp, C. A., Zisook, S., Allison, M., & …Jeste, D. V. (2010). Subthreshold depression and successful aging in older women. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b7f10e.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Reedt Dortland, A. K. B., Giltay, E. J., van Veen, T., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013). Longitudinal relationship of depressive and anxiety symptoms with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318274d30f.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vega, W. A., Rodriguez, M. A., & Ang, A. (2010). Addressing stigma of depression in Latino primary care patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.10.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villagut, G., Forero, C. G., Barbaglia, G., & Alonso, J. (2016). Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0155431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. L., Senn, T. E., & Carey, M. P. (2013). Longitudinal associations between health behaviors and mental health in low-income adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 3(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-012-0189-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Arredondo, E. M., Cai, J., Castaneda, S. F., Choca, J. P., Gallo, L. C., … Zee, P. C. (2014). Depression, anxiety, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular disease among hispanic men and women of different national backgrounds: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(11), 822–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windle, M., & Windle, R. C. (2013). Recurrent depression, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes among middle-aged and older adult women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Xiang, X., Leggett, A., Himle, J. A., & Kales, H. C. (2018). Major depression and subthreshold depression among older adults receiving home care. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(9), 939–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.05.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

McClain et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S4

Download McClain et al. supplementary material(File)
File 17.5 KB