Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:13:54.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bullying victimization in childhood predicts inflammation and obesity at mid-life: a five-decade birth cohort study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2015

R. Takizawa ,
A. Danese ,
B. Maughan  and
L. Arseneault
R. Takizawa
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
A. Danese
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK National and Specialist Child Traumatic Stress and Anxiety Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
B. Maughan
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
L. Arseneault*
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: L. Arseneault, Ph.D., MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Box Number P080, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

We aimed to test whether childhood bullying victimization increases risk for age-related disease at mid-life using biological markers including inflammation and adiposity, independent of other childhood risk factors and key adult variables.

Method

The present study was a 50-year prospective longitudinal birth cohort study of all births in Britain in 1 week in 1958. Exposure to bullying was assessed prospectively when participants were aged 7 and 11 years (27.7% occasionally bullied; 14.6% frequently bullied). Blood inflammation biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen] and adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio] were measured at age 45 years.

Results

Participants who had been frequently bullied in childhood showed increased levels of CRP at mid-life [β = 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04–0.10] and higher risk for clinically relevant inflammation cut-off [CRP > 3 mg/l: 20.4% v. 15.9%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% CI 1.12–1.64]. Women who were bullied in childhood had higher BMI than non-bullied participants and were at increased risk of being obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2: occasionally bullied: 26.0% v. 19.4%, OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18–1.77; frequently bullied: 26.2% v. 19.4%, OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.09–1.83). Findings remained significant when controlling for childhood risk factors (e.g. parental social class; participants’ BMI and psychopathology in childhood) and key adult variables (e.g. adult social class, smoking, diet and exercise).

Conclusions

Bullied children show increases in risk factors for age-related disease in middle adulthood, independent of co-occurring childhood and adult risks. Given the high prevalence of bullying victimization in childhood, tackling this form of psychosocial stress early in life has the potential of reducing risk for age-related disease and its associated burden.

Keywords

Bullying victimizationepidemiologyinflammationlongitudinal studiesobesity
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 13 , October 2015 , pp. 2705 - 2715
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anda, RF, Croft, JB, Felitti, VJ, Nordenberg, D, Giles, WH, Williamson, DF, Giovino, GA (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association 282, 1652–1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arseneault, L, Bowes, L, Shakoor, S (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘much ado about nothing’? Psychological Medicine 40, 717–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arseneault, L, Cannon, M, Fisher, HL, Polanczyk, G, Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A (2011). Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 65–72.Google Scholar
Babor, T, Higgins-Biddle, J, Saunders, J, Monteiro, M (2001). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Berenson, GS, Srinivasan, SR, Bao, W, Newman, WP III, Tracy, RE, Wattigney, WA (1998). Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 1650–1656.Google Scholar
Bond, L, Carlin, JB, Thomas, L, Rubin, K, Patton, G (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. BMJ 323, 480–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braunwald, E (1997). Shattuck lecture – cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 1360–1369.Google Scholar
Brent, DA, Silverstein, M (2013). Shedding light on the long shadow of childhood adversity. Journal of the American Medical Association 309, 1777–1778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, K, Doblhammer, G, Rau, R, Vaupel, JW (2009). Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet 374, 1196–1208.Google Scholar
Clark, C, Rodgers, B, Caldwell, T, Power, C, Stansfeld, S (2007). Childhood and adulthood psychological ill health as predictors of midlife affective and anxiety disorders: the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 668–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, SW, Conti, G, Arevalo, JM, Ruggiero, AM, Heckman, JJ, Suomi, SJ (2012). Transcriptional modulation of the developing immune system by early life social adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 20578–20583.Google Scholar
Conti, G, Hansman, C, Heckman, JJ, Novak, MF, Ruggiero, A, Suomi, SJ (2012). Primate evidence on the late health effects of early-life adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 8866–8871.Google Scholar
Copeland, WE, Wolke, D, Lereya, ST, Shanahan, L, Worthman, C, Costello, EJ (2014). Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, 7570–7575.Google Scholar
Danese, A, McEwen, BS (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology and Behavior 106, 29–39.Google Scholar
Danese, A, Pariante, CM, Caspi, A, Taylor, A, Poulton, R (2007). Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 1319–1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danese, A, Tan, M (2014). Childhood maltreatment and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 19, 544–554.Google Scholar
Douglas, JWB (1964). The Home and the School. MacGibbon & Kee: London.Google Scholar
Ebrahim, S, Beswick, A, Burke, M, Davey Smith, G (2006). Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. no. CD001561. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001561.pub3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, HL, Moffitt, TE, Houts, RM, Belsky, DW, Arseneault, L, Caspi, A (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 344, e2683.Google Scholar
Gilbert, R, Widom, CS, Browne, K, Fergusson, D, Webb, E, Janson, S (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet 373, 68–81.Google Scholar
Kaptoge, S, Di Angelantonio, E, Pennells, L, Wood, AM, White, IR, Gao, P, Walker, M, Thompson, A, Sarwar, N, Caslake, M, Butterworth, AS, Amouyel, P, Assmann, G, Bakker, SJ, Barr, EL, Barrett-Connor, E, Benjamin, EJ, Bjorkelund, C, Brenner, H, Brunner, E, Clarke, R, Cooper, JA, Cremer, P, Cushman, M, Dagenais, GR, D'Agostino, RB Sr, Dankner, R, Davey-Smith, G, Deeg, D, Dekker, JM, Engstrom, G, Folsom, AR, Fowkes, FG, Gallacher, J, Gaziano, JM, Giampaoli, S, Gillum, RF, Hofman, A, Howard, BV, Ingelsson, E, Iso, H, Jorgensen, T, Kiechl, S, Kitamura, A, Kiyohara, Y, Koenig, W, Kromhout, D, Kuller, LH, Lawlor, DA, Meade, TW, Nissinen, A, Nordestgaard, BG, Onat, A, Panagiotakos, DB, Psaty, BM, Rodriguez, B, Rosengren, A, Salomaa, V, Kauhanen, J, Salonen, JT, Shaffer, JA, Shea, S, Ford, I, Stehouwer, CD, Strandberg, TE, Tipping, RW, Tosetto, A, Wassertheil-Smoller, S, Wennberg, P, Westendorp, RG, Whincup, PH, Wilhelmsen, L, Woodward, M, Lowe, GD, Wareham, NJ, Khaw, KT, Sattar, N, Packard, CJ, Gudnason, V, Ridker, PM, Pepys, MB, Thompson, SG, Danesh, J (2012). C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. New England Journal of Medicine 367, 1310–1320.Google Scholar
Lewis, G, Pelosi, AJ, Araya, R, Dunn, G (1992). Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychological Medicine 22, 465–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luppino, FS, de Wit, LM, Bouvy, PF, Stijnen, T, Cuijpers, P, Penninx, BW, Zitman, FG (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 220–229.Google Scholar
Matthews, KA, Chang, YF, Thurston, RC, Bromberger, JT (2014). Child abuse is related to inflammation in mid-life women: role of obesity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 36, 29–34.Google Scholar
Midei, AJ, Matthews, KA (2011). Interpersonal violence in childhood as a risk factor for obesity: a systematic review of the literature and proposed pathways. Obesity Reviews 12, e159–e172.Google Scholar
Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Lozano, R, Naghavi, M, Flaxman, AD, Michaud, C, Ezzati, M, Shibuya, K, Salomon, JA, Abdalla, S, Aboyans, V, Abraham, J, Ackerman, I, Aggarwal, R, Ahn, SY, Ali, MK, Alvarado, M, Anderson, HR, Anderson, LM, Andrews, KG, Atkinson, C, Baddour, LM, Bahalim, AN, Barker-Collo, S, Barrero, LH, Bartels, DH, Basanez, MG, Baxter, A, Bell, ML, Benjamin, EJ, Bennett, D, Bernabe, E, Bhalla, K, Bhandari, B, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Birbeck, G, Black, JA, Blencowe, H, Blore, JD, Blyth, F, Bolliger, I, Bonaventure, A, Boufous, SA, Bourne, R, Boussinesq, M, Braithwaite, T, Brayne, C, Bridgett, L, Brooker, S, Brooks, P, Brugha, TS, Bryan-Hancock, C, Bucello, C, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, G, Budke, CM, Burch, M, Burney, P, Burstein, R, Calabria, B, Campbell, B, Canter, CE, Carabin, H, Carapetis, J, Carmona, L, Cella, C, Charlson, F, Chen, HL, Cheng, ATA, Chou, D, Chugh, SS, Coffeng, LE, Colan, SD, Colquhoun, S, Colson, KE, Condon, J, Connor, MD, Cooper, LT, Corriere, M, Cortinovis, M, De Vaccaro, KC, Couser, W, Cowie, BC, Criqui, MH, Cross, M, Dabhadkar, KC, Dahiya, M, Dahodwala, N, Damsere-Derry, J, Danaei, G, Davis, A, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, R, Delossantos, A, Denenberg, J, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torne, C, Dolk, H, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Duber, H, Ebel, B, Edmond, K, Elbaz, A, Ali, SE, Erskine, H, Erwin, PJ, Espindola, P, Ewoigbokhan, SE, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Felson, DT, Ferrari, A, Ferri, CP, Fevre, EM, Finucane, MM, Flaxman, S, Flood, L, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fowkes, FGR, Fransen, M, Freeman, MK, Gabbe, BJ, Gabriel, SE, Gakidou, E, Ganatra, HA, Garcia, B, Gaspari, F, Gillum, RF, Gmel, G, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Gosselin, R, Grainger, R, Grant, B, Groeger, J, Guillemin, F, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagan, H, Halasa, YA, Hall, W, Haring, D, Haro, JM, Harrison, JE, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Higashi, H, Hill, C, Hoen, B, Hoffman, H, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, D, Huang, JJ, Ibeanusi, SE, Jacobsen, KH, James, SL, Jarvis, D, Jasrasaria, R, Jayaraman, S, Johns, N, Jonas, JB, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Kawakami, N, Keren, A, Khoo, JP, King, CH, Knowlton, LM, Kobusingye, O, Koranteng, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Laden, F, Lalloo, R, Laslett, LL, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Lee, YY, Leigh, J, Levinson, D, Lim, SS, Limb, E, Lin, JK, Lipnick, M, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, W, Loane, M, Ohno, SL, Lyons, R, Mabweijano, J, MacIntyre, MF, Malekzadeh, R, Mallinger, L, Manivannan, S, Marcenes, W, March, L, Margolis, DJ, Marks, GB, Marks, R, Matsumori, A, Matzopoulos, R, Mayosi, BM, McAnulty, JH, McDermott, MM, McGill, N, McGrath, J, Medina-Mora, ME, Meltzer, M, Mensah, GA, Merriman, TR, Meyer, AC, Miglioli, V, Miller, M, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mock, C, Mocumbi, AO, Moffitt, TE, Mokdad, AA, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moran, A, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Murdoch, ME, Mwaniki, MK, Naidoo, K, Nair, MN, Naldi, L, Narayan, KMV, Nelson, PK, Nelson, RG, Nevitt, MC, Newton, CR, Nolte, S, Norman, P, Norman, R, O'Donnell, M, O'Hanlon, S, Olives, C, Omer, SB, Ortblad, K, Osborne, R, Ozgediz, D, Page, A, Pahari, B, Pandian, JD, Rivero, AP, Patten, SB, Pearce, N, Padilla, RP, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, D, Phillips, MR, Pierce, K, Pion, S, Polanczyk, GV, Polinder, S, Pope, CA, Popova, S, Porrini, E, Pourmalek, F, Prince, M, Pullan, RL, Ramaiah, KD, Ranganathan, D, Razavi, H, Regan, M, Rehm, JT, Rein, DB, Remuzzi, G, Richardson, K, Rivara, FP, Roberts, T, Robinson, C, De Leon, FR, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Rosenfeld, LC, Rushton, L, Sacco, RL, Saha, S, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Sanman, E, Schwebel, DC, Scott, JG, Segui-Gomez, M, Shahraz, S, Shepard, DS, Shin, H, Shivakoti, R, Singh, D, Singh, GM, Singh, JA, Singleton, J, Sleet, DA, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Smith, JL, Stapelberg, NJC, Steer, A, Steiner, T, Stolk, WA, Stovner, LJ, Sudfeld, C, Syed, S, Tamburlini, G, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, HR, Taylor, JA, Taylor, WJ, Thomas, B, Thomson, WM, Thurston, GD, Tleyjeh, IM, Tonelli, M, Towbin, JRA, Truelsen, T, Tsilimbaris, MK, Ubeda, C, Undurraga, EA, van der Werf, MJ, van Os, J, Vavilala, MS, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, MR, Wang, WZ, Watt, K, Weatherall, DJ, Weinstock, MA, Weintraub, R, Weisskopf, MG, Weissman, MM, White, RA, Whiteford, H, Wiebe, N, Wiersma, ST, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, SRM, Witt, E, Wolfe, F, Woolf, AD, Wulf, S, Yeh, PH, Zaidi, AKM, Zheng, ZJ, Zonies, D, Lopez, AD (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2197–2223.Google Scholar
Nansel, TR, Craig, W, Overpeck, MD, Saluja, G, Ruan, WJ (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158, 730–736.Google Scholar
Nansel, TR, Overpeck, M, Pilla, RS, Ruan, WJ, Simons-Morton, B, Scheidt, P (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association 285, 2094–2100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1980). Classification of Occupations. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell Publishers: Oxford.Google Scholar
Ouellet-Morin, I, Danese, A, Bowes, L, Shakoor, S, Ambler, A, Pariante, CM, Papadopoulos, AS, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Arseneault, L (2011 a). A discordant monozygotic twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 50, 574–582.e3.Google Scholar
Ouellet-Morin, I, Odgers, CL, Danese, A, Bowes, L, Shakoor, S, Papadopoulos, AS, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Arseneault, L (2011 b). Blunted cortisol responses to stress signal social and behavioral problems among maltreated/bullied 12-year-old children. Biological Psychiatry 70, 1016–1023.Google Scholar
Ouellet-Morin, I, Wong, CC, Danese, A, Pariante, CM, Papadopoulos, AS, Mill, J, Arseneault, L (2013). Increased serotonin transporter gene (SERT) DNA methylation is associated with bullying victimization and blunted cortisol response to stress in childhood: a longitudinal study of discordant monozygotic twins. Psychological Medicine 43, 1813–1823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, TA, Mensah, GA, Alexander, RW, Anderson, JL, Cannon, RO III, Criqui, M, Fadl, YY, Fortmann, SP, Hong, Y, Myers, GL, Rifai, N, Smith, SC Jr Taubert, K, Tracy, RP, Vinicor, F (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107, 499–511.Google Scholar
Power, C, Elliott, J (2006). Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). International Journal of Epidemiology 35, 34–41.Google Scholar
Power, C, Thomas, C, Li, L, Hertzman, C (2012). Childhood psychosocial adversity and adult cortisol patterns. British Journal of Psychiatry 201, 199–206.Google Scholar
Qualter, P, Murphy, SM, Abbott, J, Gardner, KJ, Japel, C, Vitaro, F, Boivin, M, Tremblay, RE (2015). Developmental associations between victimization and body mass index from 3 to 10 years in a population sample. Aggressive Behavior. Published online 14 January 2015. doi:10.1002/AB.21580.Google Scholar
Ronning, JA, Sourander, A, Kumpulainen, K, Tamminen, T, Niemela, S, Moilanen, I, Helenius, H, Piha, J, Almqvist, F (2009). Cross-informant agreement about bullying and victimization among eight-year-olds: whose information best predicts psychiatric caseness 10–15 years later? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, 15–22.Google Scholar
Rosenman, S, Rodgers, B (2004). Childhood adversity in an Australian population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, 695–702.Google Scholar
Salmon, G, James, A, Smith, DM (1998). Bullying in schools: self reported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. BMJ 317, 924–925.Google Scholar
Schreier, A, Wolke, D, Thomas, K, Horwood, J, Hollis, C, Gunnell, D, Lewis, G, Thompson, A, Zammit, S, Duffy, L, Salvi, G, Harrison, G (2009). Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 527–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seaman, SR, White, IR (2013). Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 22, 278–295.Google Scholar
Shakoor, S, Jaffee, SR, Andreou, P, Bowes, L, Ambler, AP, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Arseneault, L (2011). Mothers and children as informants of bullying victimization: results from an epidemiological cohort of children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 39, 379–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, JP, Boyce, WT, McEwen, BS (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association 301, 2252–2259.Google Scholar
Singh, GM, Danaei, G, Farzadfar, F, Stevens, GA, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, Kaptoge, S, Whitlock, G, Qiao, Q, Lewington, S, Di Angelantonio, E, Vander Hoorn, S, Lawes, CM, Ali, MK, Mozaffarian, D, Ezzati, M (2013). The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis. PLOS ONE 8, e65174.Google Scholar
Stott, DH (1969). The Social Adjustment of Children. University of London Press: London.Google Scholar
Takizawa, R, Maughan, B, Arseneault, L (2014). Adult health outcomes of childhood bullying victimization: evidence from a five-decade longitudinal British birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 777–784.Google Scholar
van Geel, M, Vedder, P, Tanilon, J (2014). Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 168, 435–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitlock, G, Lewington, S, Sherliker, P, Clarke, R, Emberson, J, Halsey, J, Qizilbash, N, Collins, R, Peto, R (2009). Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 373, 1083–1096.Google Scholar
Wienke Totura, CM, Green, AE, Karver, MS, Gesten, EL (2009). Multiple informants in the assessment of psychological, behavioral, and academic correlates of bullying and victimization in middle school. Journal of Adolescence 32, 193–211.Google Scholar
Wormser, D, Kaptoge, S, Di Angelantonio, E, Wood, AM, Pennells, L, Thompson, A, Sarwar, N, Kizer, JR, Lawlor, DA, Nordestgaard, BG, Ridker, P, Salomaa, V, Stevens, J, Woodward, M, Sattar, N, Collins, R, Thompson, SG, Whitlock, G, Danesh, J (2011). Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 377, 1085–1095.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Takizawa supplementary material

Table S1

Download Takizawa supplementary material(File)
File 16 KB