Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T02:28:44.643Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Inventaires d’auto-évaluation de la psychopathologie chez l’adulte. 2e partie: inventaires de dépression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

P Pariente  and
JD Guelfi
P Pariente
Affiliation:
Service de Psychiatrie (Pr D Ginestet) et INSERM U 169, hôpital Paul-Brousse, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94800Villejuif Cedex
JD Guelfi
Affiliation:
CMME (Pr Samuel-Lajeunesse), 100, rue de la Santé, 75014 , Paris Cedex, France
Get access

Résumé

La grande majorité des inventaires d’auto-évaluation spécifiques concerne la symptomatologie dépressive ou anxieuse. Les principaux questionnaires de dépression, évalués et utilisés par diverses équipes internationales, sont passés en revue dans cet article, l’accent étant mis sur leur profil et leurs emplois. Parmi ceux-ci, certains cherchent à évaluer globalement la sévérité de la symptomatologie dépressive; d’autres tentent d’effectuer un diagnostic; d’autres enfin se destinent à apprécier des aspects particuliers, tels que l’humeur, l’anhédonie, ou les cognitions associées à la dépression : ces derniers ont fait l’objet de développements récents parallèles à la recherche dans le domaine des thérapies cognitives ou comportementales. Selon leur construction et leurs qualités métrologiques, parfois en cours d’évaluation, ces inventaires peuvent être employés en recherche clinique, notamment comme critère de jugement d’essais thérapeutiques, ou en épidémiologie, pour des estimations de prévalence dans des populations non cliniques ou pour une première étape du dépistage de cas. Devant l’abondance actuelle de ces instruments, des indications générales sont finalement proposées selon les objectifs des recherches.

Summary

Summary

Most dimensional self-report inventories concern the assessment of depressive symptoms or of anxiety and fear. In this paper, the inventories of depressive symptomatology that have been internationally validated and used are reviewed, emphasizing their profile and practical uses. For the most important, a summary of the data about their metrological qualities, sometimes currently assessed, is provided and a critical appraisal subsequently proposed. Some questionnaires are designed to assess the overall severity of the symptomatology; some are supposed to provide a diagnosis; others, finally, focus on definite aspects, such as mood, anhedonia, or cognitions associated with depressive States: the latter have known recent developments, as a growing edge for research in the field of cognitive-behavioral therapies. According to their design, self-report inventories may be made of a sample of items corresponding to one or more of the 3 response components: subjective-cognitive, physiological, motor-behavioral. According to their aims and their performances, they may be used in psychopharmacology, eg as selection criteria for inclusion or as outcome variables in clinical trials; or they may have proved to be useful in epidemiology, as a tool for estimations of prevalence of depressive symptoms or as a first stage for case screening. Finally, in order to cope with the increasing abundance of the pool of these instruments, tentative guidelines for an optimal choice are suggested.

Keywords

inventaires d’auto-évaluationdépressionépidémiologieévaluation cliniquepsychopharmacologiequestionnairesdepressive symptomsepidemiologyclinical assessmentpsychopharmacology
Type
Revue
Information
Psychiatry and Psychobiology , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , 1990 , pp. 87 - 102
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Aitken, RCB (1969) Measurement of feelings using Visual analogue scales. Proc R Soc Med 62,989–993Google ScholarPubMed
Amenson, CSLewisohn, PM (1981) An investigation into the observed sex difference in prevalence of unipolar depression. J Abnorm Psychol 90, 1–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arfwidsson, LD’Elia, GLaurell, BOttosson, JOPerris, CPersson, C (1974) Can self-rating replace doctor's rating in evaluating anti-depressive treatment? Acta Psychiatr Scand 50, 16–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, JCoppen, A (1976) A comparison between the Hamilton Rating Scale and the Beck Inventory in the measurement of Depression. Br J Psychiatry 128, 486–489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, GEProsen, H (1984) Depression in Canadian general practice attenders. Can J Psychiatry 29, 2–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, GECurrie, RFSegall, A (1988) Symptoms of depression in a Canadian urban sample. Can J Psychiatry 33, 386–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaini, AYHindmarch, ISnaith, RP (1980) The reexamination of the clinical effects of imipramine and amitriptyline in depressive illness. J Affect Dis 2, 89–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bech, PGram, LFDein, EJacobsen, OVitger, JBolwig, TG (1975) Quantitative rating of depressive States. Acta Psychiatr Scand 51, 161–170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT (1961) A systematic investigation of depression. Compr Psychiatry 2, 162–170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beek, AT (1972) Depression: Causes and Treatment. Univ Pennsylvania Press, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Beck, AT (1976) Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. International Univ Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Beck, ATBeamesderfer, A (1974) Assessment of Depression: the Depression Inventory. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 151–169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, ATBeck, RW (1972) A rapid technique for screening depressed patients in general practice. Postgrad Med Univ PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Beck, ATWard, CH (1961) Dreams of depressed patients. Characteristic themes in manifest content. Arc h Gen Psychiatry 5, 462–467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, ATWard, CHMendelson, MMock, JEErbaugh, JK (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4, 561–571CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, ATWeissman, ALester, DTrexler, LJ (1974) The measurement of pessimism : the Hopelessness Scale. J Consult Clin Psychol 42, 861–865CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binet, A (1911) Nouvelles recherches sur la mesure du niveau intellectuel chez les enfants d’école. Année Psychol 19, 145–201Google Scholar
Bloom, PMBrady, JP (1968) An ipsative validation of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. J Clin Psychol 24, 45–463.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumenthal, MD (1975) Measuring depressive symptomatology in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32, 971–978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobon, D (1979) Validation d’une traduction française de l’échelle d’auto-évaluation de l’humeur BfS/BfS’ de Zerssen. Thèse de doctorat en sciences, Université de LiègeGoogle Scholar
Bobon, D (1987) Us et abus des échelles d’évaluation en psychopathologie. Psychiatr & Psychobiol 2, 379–386Google Scholar
Bobon, Dvon Frenckell, R (1981) Validation française de la «Bekindlichkeits-Skala» (BfS/BfS’), échelle d’autoévaluation de l’humeur de Zerssen. In: La Symptomatologie dépressive: enregistrement et évaluation (Pichot, PPull, CB, eds). Ciba-Geigy, Paris, 31–44Google Scholar
Bobon, DSanchez-Blanque, Avon Frenckell, R (1981) Comparison between the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory and the combined Beck-Pichot Inventory. J Psychiatr Biol Ther 1, 23–26Google Scholar
Bond, ALader, M (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. Br J Med Psychol 47, 211–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, JHWeissman, MM (1981) Epidemiology of affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38, 1039–1046CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, JHWeissman, MMThompson, WD (1982) Screening for depression in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39, 1195–1200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, RAGoulding, RTheano, GBailey, JCoppen, A (1972) Plasma concentration of amitriptyline and clinical response. Lancet i, 1297–1300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslau, N (1985) Depressive symptoms, major depression and generalized anxiety: a comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Res 15, 219–229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, GLVZung, WWK (1972) Depression scales: self — or physician - rating? A validation of certain clinically observable phenomena. Compr Psychiatry 13, 361–367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrows, GDDavies, BScoggins, BA (1972) Plasma concentration of nortriptyline and clinical response in depressive illness. Lancet ii, 619–623CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, BJFielding, JMBlashki, TG (1973) Depression rating scales. A critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28, 361–366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, BJFeinberg, MSmouse, PERawson, SGGreden, JF (1981) The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression. I. Development, reliability and validation. Br J Psychiatry 138, 194–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, LChapman, JRaulin, M (1976) Scales for physical and social anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 85, 374–382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, GFrydman, OBonami, THershowitz, CTilmant, JWilmotte, JMendlewicz, J (1986) Adaptation française et validation du «Carroll rating scale for depression». Encéphale 12, 299–301Google Scholar
Chazot, LPellet, JLang, FBerlier, JMJoubert, JPEstour, BRousset, M (1986) Une échelle d’autoévaluation de la dépression et des troubles psychiatriques dans un service de médecine. Psychiatr & Psychobiol 1, 20–27Google Scholar
Clark, VAAneshenset, CSFreriehs, RRMorgan, TM (1981) Analysis of effects of sex and age in response to items on the CES-D scale. Psychiatry Res 5, 171–181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collet, LCottraux, J (1986) Inventaire abrégé de la dépression de Beck (13 items): étude de la validité concurrente avec les échelles de Hamilton et de ralentissement de Widlöcher. Encéphale 12, 77–79Google Scholar
Comrey, AL (1957) A factor analysis of items on the MMPI depression scale. Educ Psychol Measur 17, 578–585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comstock, GWHelsing, KJ (1976) Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychol Med 6, 551–563CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottraux, JBouvard, MLégeron, P (1985) Méthodes et échelles d ‘évaluation des comportements. EAP, Issyles- MoulineauxGoogle Scholar
Craig, TJVan Natta, PA (1978) Current medication use and symptoms of depression in a general population. Am J Psychiatry 135, 1036–1039Google Scholar
Craig, TJVan Natta, PA (1979) Influence of demographic characteristics on two measures of depressive symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36, 149–154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crandell, CJChambless, DL (1986) The validation of an inventory for measuring depressive thoughts: the Crandell Inventory. Behav Res Ther 24, 403–411CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cropley, AJWeckowicz, TE (1966) The dimensionality of clinical depression. Aust J Psychol 18, 18–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delay, JPichot, PLempérière, TMirouze, R (1963) La nosologie des états dépressifs. Rapport entre l’étiologie et la sémiologie. Résultats du Questionnaire de Beck. Encéphale 52, 497–505Google Scholar
Demsey, P (1964) J Consult Psychol 28, 364–370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dohrenwend, BPShrout, PE (1981) Toward the development of a two stage procedure for case identification and classification in psychiatric epidemiology. In: Research in Community Mental Health, JAI Press Inc, Greenwich, Conn, (Simmons, RG, ed). 295–323Google Scholar
Eaton, WWKessler, LG (1981) Rates of symptoms of depression in a national sample. Am J Epidemiol, 114, 528–538CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahy, TJ (1974) Depression in hospital and in general practice : a direct clinical comparison. Br J Psychiatrv 124, 240–242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fawcett, JClark, DC (1983) Assessing anhedonia in psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40, 79–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, MCarroll, BJSmouse, PERawson, SG (1981) The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression. III. Comparison with other rating instruments. Br J Psychiatry 138, 205–209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, MFLuria, RF (1973) Reliability, validity and clinical application of the VAMS. Psychol Med 3, 479–486CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freriehs, RRAneshensel, CSClark, VA (1981) Prevalence of depression in Los Angeles county. Am J Epidemiol 113, 691–699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuhrer, RRouillon, F (1985) Étude de la traduction française de l’échelle CESD. Communication au 3e Congrès de la Fédération internationale d’Épidémiologie psychiatrique, 9-10 novembre 1985Google Scholar
Fuhrer, RRouillon, F (1989) La version française de l’échelle CES-D. Psychiatr & Psychohiol 4, 163–166Google Scholar
Grosscup, SJLewinsohn, PM (1980) Unpleasant and pleasant events and mood. J Clin Psychol 36, 252–2593.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guelfi, JDvon Frenckell, RCaillé, P (1990) Une étude française des Visual Analogue Seules de Norris. Psychiatr & Psychobiol (submitted)Google Scholar
Guy, W (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised 1976 (DHEW Publication no. (ADM ; 76-338). US Government Printing Office, Washington DCGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M (1969) Standardized assessment and recording of depressive symptoms. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir (Amst) 72, 201–205Google Scholar
Hardy, PJouvent, RLancrenon, SRoumengous, VFéline, A (1986) L’échelle de plaisir-déplaisir. Utilisation dans l’évaluation de la maladie dépressive. Encéphale 12, 149–154Google Scholar
Heimann, H (1978) Validity problems in psychiatric rating scales as a function of the severity of disturbance. In: Neuro-Psychopharmacology (Deniker, PRadouco-Thomas, CVilleneuve, A, eds). Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar
Heimann, HBobon-Schrod, HSchmocker, AMBobon, D (1975) Auto-évaluation de l’humeur par une liste d’adjectifs, la «Befindlichkeits-Skala» (BS) de Zerssen. Encéphale 1, 165–183Google Scholar
Hollon, SDKendall, P (1980) Cognitive self-thoughts in depression. Development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognit Ther Res 40, 383–395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, M (1967) Functional impairment in psychiatric outpatients. Br J Psychiatry 1141–1151CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, SM JrSinger, KCobb, S (1967) Components of depression identified front a self-rating depression inventory for survey use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16, 441–447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husaini, BANeff, JAStone, RH (1980) Psychiatric impairment in rural communities. J Commun Psychol 7, 137–1463.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, DAWHeather, BB (1974) The sensitivity of the Beck Depression Inventory to changes of symptomatology. Br J Psychiatry 125, 184–185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kass, FSalamon, IPlutchik, RHyman, I (1977) The assessment of depression: a model of quality review of emergency psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 135, 213–216Google Scholar
Kearns, NPCruickshank, CAMc Guiguan, KJRiley, SAShaw, SPSnaith, RP (1982) A comparison of Depression Rating Scales. Br J Psychiatry 141, 45–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellner, R (1976) Symptom Questionnaire Scale and Manual. JA Medical Center, Albuquerque, New MexicoGoogle Scholar
Kellner, RRada, RTAndersen, TPathak, D (1979) The effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-rated depression, anxiety and well-being. Psychopharmacology 64, 185–191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, DF (1974) Endogenomorphic depression : a conceptual and terminological revision. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31, 447–454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klicpera, CAlbert, WStrian, F (1979) Effects of somatic treatments on mood in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60, 129–136CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knesevitch, JWBiggs, JTClayton, PJZiegler, VE (1977) Validity of the Hamilton rating scale for depression. Br J Psychiatry 131, 49–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacks, MRush, JBeck, ATHollon, SD (1981) Depressed outpatients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy : a one-year follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38, 33–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, SHammen, C (1979) Assessment of cognitive bias in depression. J Abnorm Psychol 88, 611–619CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, JPhilipp, MMaier, WSchlegel, S (1989) A German validation study of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression. Psychopathology 22, 57–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langevin, RStanger, H (1979) Evidence that depression rating scales primarily measure a social undesirability response set. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59, 70–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lempérière, TLépine, JPRouillon, FHardy, PAdès, JLuauté, JPFerrand, I (1984) Comparaison de différents instruments d’évaluation de la dépression, à l’occasion d’une étude sur l’Athymil 30 mg. Ann Med Psvchol 142, 1206–1223Google Scholar
Lépine, JPGodchau, MBrun, PLempérière, T (1985) Évaluation de l’anxiété et de la dépression chez des patients hospitalisés dans un service de médecine interne. Ann Med Psychol 143, 175–189Google Scholar
Lépine, JPGodchau, MBrun, PTeherani, M (1986) Utilité des échelles d‘auto-évaluation de l’anxiété et de la dépression en médecine interne. Acta Psychiatr Belg 86, 608–615Google Scholar
Levitt, EELubin, B (1975) Depression : Concepts, Controversies and some New Facts. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Lewisohn, PMSteinmetz, JLLarson, DWFranklin, J (1981) Depression-related cognitions: antecedent or consequence? J Abnorm Psychol 90, 213–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeb, AFeshbach, SBeck, ATWolf, A (1964) Some effects of reward upon the social perception and motivation of psychiatric patients varying in depression. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 68, 609—616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubin, B (1965) Adjective cheklists for measurement of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 12, 57–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubin, B (1967) Manual for the Depression Adjective Check-Lists. Educational and Testing Industrial Service, San DiegoGoogle Scholar
Lubin, BHimmelstein, P (1976) Reliability of the Depression Adjective Check-Lists. Percept Mot Skills 45, 567–570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luria, RE (1975) The validity and reliability of the visual analogue mood scale. J Psychiatr Res 12, 51–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, IM (1987) Fears, Phobias and Rituals. Oxford University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Marks, IMStern, RSMawson, DCobb, JMc Donald, R (1980) Clomipramine and exposure for obsessivecompulsive rituals. Br J Psychiatry 136, 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markush, REFavero, RU (1973) Epidemiologic assessment of stressful life events, depressed mood and psychophysiological symptoms: a preliminary report. In: Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects (Dohrenwend, BSDohrenwend, BP, eds). John Wiley and Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Matussek, NAarons, M (1974) Wirkung akuter und chronischer Applikation von Maprotilin und ihgre Beziehung zum Plasmaspiegel bei gesunden Versuchpersonen. Arzneim-Forsch 24, 1107–1111Google Scholar
May, AEUrquhart, ATarran, J (1969) Self-evaluating of depression in varions diagnostic and therapeutic groups. Arch Gen Psychiatry 21, 191–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mc Clelland, HAKerr, TAStephens, DAHowell, RW (1979) The comparative antidepressant value of lofepramine and amitriptyline: results of a controlled trial with comments on the scales used. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60, 190–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNair, DM (1974) Self-evaluations of antidepressants. Psychopharmacologia 37, 281–302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, DMLoor, MDroppleman, LF (1971) EITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San DiegoGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, MGoldman, E (1965) Validation of an Inventory for Measuring Depression. Br J Psychiatry 111, 240–242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murrell, SAHimmelfarb, SWright, K (1983) Prevalence of depression and its correlate in older adults. Am J Epidemiol 117, 173–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, JRWeissman, MM (1980a) Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 173, 1081–1084Google Scholar
Myers, JRWeissman, MM (1980b) Depression in New Haven 1975-1976 : an epidemiologic study. Yale J Biol Med 53, 117–126Google Scholar
Myers, JKWeissman, MMThompson, WD (1981) Depression and its treatment in the US Urban Community. 1975-1976. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38, 417–421Google Scholar
Nielsen, AWilliams, TA (1980) Depression in ambulatory medical patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37, 999–1004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, H (1971) The action of sedative on brain stem oculomotor Systems in man. Neuropharmacology 10, 181–191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pariente, PSmith, MGuelfi, JD (1989) Un questionnaire pour le diagnostic d’épisode dépressif majeur: l’Inventaire pour le Diagnostic de la Dépression (IDD). Présentation de la version française. Psychiatr & Psycliobiol 4, 375–385Google Scholar
Pichot, P (1988) A self-report inventory on depressive symptomatology (QD2) and its abridged form (QD2A). In: Assessment of Depression (Sartorius, NBan, TA, eds). Springer, Heidelberg, 108–122Google Scholar
Pichot, PLempérière, T (1964) Analyse factorielle d‘un questionnaire d‘auto-évaluation des symptômes dépressifs. Rev Psychol Appt 14, 15–29Google Scholar
Pichot, PPiret, JClyde, DJ (1966) Analyse de la symptomatologie dépressive subjective. Rev Psychol Appl 16, 103–115Google Scholar
Pichot, PBoyer, PPull, CBRein, WSimon, MThibault, A (1984a) Un questionnaire d’auto-évaluation de la symptomatologie dépressive: le questionnaire QD2. Rev Psychol Appl 34, 229–250Google Scholar
Pichot, PBoyer, PPull, CBRein, WSimon, MThibault, A (1984b) Un questionnaire d’auto-évaluation de la symptomatologie dépressive: le questionnaire QD2, forme abrégée QD2A. Rev Psychol Appt 34, 323–340Google Scholar
Pichot, PWidlöcher, DPull, CB (1989) Épidémiologie de l’anxiété dans la population générale française. Psychiatr d Psycliobiol 4, 257–274Google Scholar
Pilowsky, I (1979) Further validation of a questionnaire method for classifying depressive illness. J Affective Disord 1, 179–185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilowsky, ISpalding, D (1972) A method for mcasuring depression : validity studies on a depression questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 121, 411–416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilowsky, IBoulton, DM (1970) Development of a questionnaire-based decision rule for classifying depressed patients. Br J Psychiatry 116, 647–650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plutchik, RVan Praag, HM (1987) Interconvertability of five self-report measures of depression. Psychiatr Res 22, 243–256CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, LS (1977) The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1, 385–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, LSLocke, BZ (1981) The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale. In: Epidemiologic Community Surveys (Weissmann, MMMyers, JRoss, CE, eds). Prodist, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Raft, DSpencer, RFToomey, TBrogan, D (1977) Depression in medical outpatients: use of the Zung scale. Dis Nerv Syst 38, 999–1004Google ScholarPubMed
Rehm, LPKornblith, SJ (1979) Behavior therapy for depression : a review of recent developments. In: Progress in Behavior Modification (Hersen, MEisler, RMMiller, PM, eds). Academic Press, New York, 7Google Scholar
Rickels, KDowning, RWLipman, RS (1973) The Selfrating Depression Scale (SDS) as a measure of psychotropic drug response. Dis Nerv Syst 34, 98–104Google Scholar
Roberts, RE (1980) Reliability of the CES-D in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatr Res 2, 125–134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, REVernon, SW (1983) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: its use in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 140, 41–46Google Scholar
Rockliff, BW (1971) A brief rating scale for antidepressant trials. Compr Psychiatry 12, 122–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, CEMirowsky, J (1984) Components of depressed mood in married men and women : the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Am J Epidemiol 119, 997–1004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rounsaville, BJWeissman, MWRosenberger, PHWilber, CHKleber, HD (1979) Detecting depressive disorders in drug abusers. A comparison of screening instrument. J Affective Disord 1, 255–267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rush, AJGiles, DESchlesser, MAFulton, KLWeissenburgen, YBurns, C (1986) The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): preliminary findings. Psychiatr Res 18, 65–87CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salkind, MR (1969) Beck Depression Inventory in General Practice. JR Coll Gen Pract 18, 267–273Google ScholarPubMed
Salzman, CShader, RIHarmatz, JS (1975) Aging NY, 266–272Google Scholar
Schoenbach, VJKaplan, BHGrimson, RC (1982) Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 116, 791–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrader, GGibbs, AHarcourt, R (1986) Dysfunctional attitudes in former psychiatric inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 174, 660–663CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwab, JBialow, MBrown, J (1967a) Diagnosing depression in medical inpatients. Ann Intern Med 67, 695CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, IBialow, MClemmons, RMartin, PHolzer, C (1967b) The Beck Depression Inventory with medical inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 43, 255–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, JJBialow, MHolzer, CE (1967c) A comparison of two rating scales for depression. J Clin Psychol 23, 94–963.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, DStrian, F (1972) Psychometrische Untersuchugen zur Befindlichkeit psychiatrischer und intermedizinischer Patienten. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 216, 70–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smouse, PEFeinberg, MCarroll, BJPark, MHRawson, SG (1981) The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression. II. Factor analyses of the feature profiles. Br J Psychiatry 138, 201–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, RP (1981) Rating Scales. Br J Psychiatry 138, 512–514CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, RPAhmed, NMehta, SHamilton, M (1971) Assessment of the severity of primary depressive illness : Wakefield Self-Assessment Depression Inventory. Psychol Med 1, 143–149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, RPBridge, GWKHamilton, M (1976) The Leeds scales for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. Br J Psychiatry 128, 156–165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, RPConstantopoulos, AAJardine, MYMc Guffin, P (1978) A clinical scale for the self-assessment of irritability. Br J Psychiatry 132, 164–171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, PGardner, MCambourn, JWhitford, M (1980) Clinical and pharmacokinetic factors affecting response to Phenelzine. Br J Psychiatry 136, 359–365CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Riezen, HSegal, M (1988) Comparative Evaluation of Rating Scales for Clinical Psychopharmacology. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Vernon, SWRobert, RE (1982) Prevalence of treated and untreated psychiatric disorders in three ethnic groups. Proc Sci Med 16, 1575–1582Google ScholarPubMed
Von Frenckell, RSanchez-Blanque, ABobon, D (1981) Reparametrisation of the Beek-Pichot Depression Inventory. A contribution to optimal scaling. J Psychiatr Biol Ther 1, 34–37Google Scholar
Weckowicz, TEMuir, WCropley, AJ (1967) A factor analysis of the Beck Inventory of Depression. J Consult Psychol 31, 270–278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weckowicz, TEYonge, KACropley, AJMuir, W (1971) Objective Therapy Predictors in Depression: a Multivariate Approach. Clinical Psychology Publishing Co, Monogr, suppl 31Google ScholarPubMed
Weissman, ANBeck, AT (1978) Development of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale. Paper presented at the Mtg of the Ass for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago, IIIGoogle Scholar
Weissman, MSholomskas, DPottenger, MPrusoff, BALocke, BZ (1977) Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. Am J Epidemiol 106, 203–214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, MMKlerman, GL (1981) Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34, 98–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, JGBarlow, DHAgras, WS (1972) Behavioral measurement of severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27, 330–333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zealley, AKAitken, RCB (1969) Measurement of mood. Proc R Soc Med 62, 993–996Google ScholarPubMed
Zerssen von, D (1973) Beschwerdenskalen bei Depressionen. Therapiewoche 23, 4426–4433Google Scholar
Zerssen von, DKoeller, DM (1976) Manual Klinische Selbst Beurteilungs Skalen. Beltz Test Gesellschaft, GmbH, Weinheint, FRGGoogle Scholar
Zerssen von, DKoeller, DMRey, ER (1970) Die Befindlichkeits-Skala (BS), ein einfaches Instrument zur Objektierung von Befindlichkeits-störungen, insbesondere im Rahmen von Längsschnittrentersuchungen. Arzneim-Forsch 20, 915–918Google Scholar
Zerssen von, DStrian, FSchwarz, D (1974) Evaluation of depressive stat es, especially in longitudinal studies. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 3, 189–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigmond, ASSnaith, RP (1983) The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67, 361–370CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigmond, ASSnaith, RP (1988) Anxiety and depression in general medical settings. Br Med J 297, 1544Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M (1983) The Inventory to Diagnose Depression. Department of Psychiatry, Iowa University, Iowa CityGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, M (1983) Self-report depression scales. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40, 1035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, MCoryell, WWilson, SCorenthal, C (1986a) A self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 1076–1081CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, MCoryell, WWilson, SCorenthal, C (1986b) Evaluation of symptoms of major depressive disorder: self-report vs clinician ratings. J Nerv Ment Dis 174, 150–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, MCoryell, W (1987) The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD): a self-report scale to diagnose Major Depression Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55, 55–59Google Scholar
Zimmerman, MCoryell, W (1988) The validity of a selfreport questionnaire for diagnosing Major Depression Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 738–740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinkin, SBirtchnell, J (1968) Unilateral ECT : its effects on memory and therapeutic efficacy. Br J Psychiatry 114, 973–988CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWK (1965) A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 12, 63–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, WWK (1967a) Factors influencing the selfrating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16, 543–547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWK (1967b) Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics 8, 287–292CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWK (1969) A cross cultural study of symptoms in depression. Am J Psychiatry 126, 154–159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, WWK (1971) Depression in the normal adult population. Psychosomatics 12, 164–167CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, WWK (1972a) The depression status inventory: an adjunct to the self-rating depression scale. J Clin Psychol 28, 539–5433.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWK (1972b) A cross-cultural survey of depressive symptomatology in normal adults. J Cross-Cult Psychol 3, 177–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWK (1974) The measurement of affects : depression and anxiety. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1, 170–188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWKRichards, CBShort, MJ (1965) Self-Rating Depression Scale in an outpatient clinic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 13, 508–515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWKWonnacott, TH (1970) Treatment prediction in depression using a self-Rating scale. Biol Psychiatry 2, 321—329Google ScholarPubMed
Zung, WWKGianturco, J (1971) Personality dimension and the Self-rating Depression Scale. J Clin Psychol 27, 247–2483.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, WWKGreen, RL (1973) Detection of affective disorders in the aged. In: Psychopharmacology and Aging (Eisdorfer, CFann, WF, eds). Plenum Press, New York, 213–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zung, WWKMagill, MMoore, JTGeorge, DT (1983) Recognition and treatment of depression in a family medicine practice. J Clin Psychiatry 44, 3 -6Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.