Bypassing the kinetic trap of serpin protein folding by loop extension

Abstract

The native form of some proteins such as strained plasma serpins (serine protease inhibitors) and the spring-loaded viral membrane fusion proteins are in a metastable state. The metastable native form is thought to be a folding intermediate in which conversion into the most stable state is blocked by a very high kinetic barrier. In an effort to understand how the spontaneous conversion of the metastable native form into the most stable state is prevented, we designed mutations of α₁-antitrypsin, a prototype serpin, which can bypass the folding barrier. Extending the reactive center loop of α₁-antitrypsin converts the molecule into a more stable state. Remarkably, a 30-residue loop extension allows conversion into an extremely stable state, which is comparable to the relaxed cleaved form. Biochemical data strongly suggest that the strain release is due to the insertion of the reactive center loop into the major β-sheet, A sheet, as in the known stable conformations of serpins. Our results clearly show that extending the reactive center loop is sufficient to bypass the folding barrier of α₁-antitrypsin and suggest that the constrain held by polypeptide connection prevents the conversion of the native form into the lowest energy state.