Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T21:14:30.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Augmentation with Nimodipine of Antidepressant Therapy in the Treatment of “Vascular Depression”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2006

F.E. Taragano
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychiatry, CEMIC University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, Geriatric Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina; E-mail: [email protected]
P.M. Bagnati
Affiliation:
Consultants Clinic, Mar del Plata, Argentina; E-mail: [email protected]
R.F. Allegri
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychiatry, CEMIC University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; E-mail: [email protected]

Extract

ABSTRACT

There is evidence for an association between vascular disease and depression, and in particular between cerebrovascular disease and depression, especially that occurring later in life. Among the diverse psychiatric diseases, the one which is most widely studied concerning the relationship with the vascular system, is depression. The risk relationship between depression and vascular events is a two-way road: the presence of depression increases the cerebrovascular and cardiovascular event risk (worsening its evolution and prognosis, as well) and a patient evidencing cerebrovascular or heart disease, will also show an increase in the risk of suffering depression (Taragano et al., 2005). Depression is a common cause of disability in the elderly. It reduces quality of life and represents a serious public health problem (Beekman et al., 2001; Steffens et al., 2000). Its prevalence in late life is 2–3% for major depression and 12–15% for all depressive syndromes (Beekman et al., 1999).

Type
Review Article
Copyright
© 2007 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexopoulos, G.S. (2005). Depression in the elderly. Lancet, 365, 19611970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexopoulos, G.S., Meyers, B.S., Young, R.C., Campbell, S., Sibersweig, D., & Charlson, M. (1997). The “vascular depression” hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexopoulos, G.S., Kiosses, D.N., Klimstra, S., et al. (2002). Clinical presentation of the “depression-executive dysfunction syndrome” of late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 98106.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, G.S., Raue, P., & Arean, P. (2003). Problem-solving therapy versus supportive therapy in geriatric major depression with executive dysfunction. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 4652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arizaga, R. (2003). Enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias, Chapter 1. Editorial Polemos, Buenos Aires, Argentina, p. 24.
Baldwin, R. (2005). Is vascular depression a distinct sub-type of depressive disorder? A review of causal evidence. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20 (1), 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, R.C. (2006). Prognosis of late life depression: a three year cohort study of outcome and potential predictors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 (1), 5763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beekman, A.T., Copeland, J.R., & Prince, M.J. (1999). Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 307311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beekman, A.T.F., et al. (2001). Emergence and persistence of late life depression: a 3 year follow-up of the longitudinal aging study, Amsterdam. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65, 130138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitner, J.C. (2001). Vascular depression: new light on an established idea? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 3.Google Scholar
Campbell, J.J., & Coffey, C.E. (2001). Neuropsychiatric significance of subcortical hyperintensity. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 261288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coffey, C.E., & Cummings, J.L. (1994). Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry, Chapter 4. The American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, p. 86.
Cummings, J.C., & Mega, M.S. (2003). Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Chapter 14. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 206207.
de Groot, J.C., de Leeuw, F.E., Oudkerk, M., et al. (2000). Cerebral white matter lesions and depressive symptoms in elderly adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 10711076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Torre, J.C. (2004). Is Alzheimer's disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma and dialectics. Lancet Neurology, 3, 184190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dufouil, C., de Kersaint-Gilly, A., Besancon, V., et al. (2001). Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities. Neurology, 56, 921926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorelick, P.B. (2005). William M. Feinberg lecture: cognitive vitality and the role of the stroke and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Stroke, 36, 875879.Google Scholar
Green, R.C., Cupples, L.A., Kurz, A., et al. (2003). Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: The MIRAGE Study. Archives of Neurology, 60, 753759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iosifescu, D.V., Clementi-Craven, N., Fraguas, R., et al. (2005). Cardiovascular Risk Factors May Moderate Pharmacological Treatment Effects in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 703706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorm, A.F. (2001). History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 776781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kales, H.C., Maixner, D.F., & Mellow, A.M. (2005). Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 8898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., et al. (2005). Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet, 365, 217223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, M. (2003). Past, present, and future directions for defining optimal treatment outcome in depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiosses, D.N., Klimstra, S., Murphy, C., et al. (2001). Executive dysfunction and disability en elderly patients with major depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 269274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnan, K.R., Hays, J.C., & Blazer, D.G. (1997). MRI defined vascular depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 497501.Google Scholar
Krishnan, K.R., Doraiswamy, P.M., & Clary, C.M. (2001). Clinical and treatment response characteristics of late life depression associated with vascular disease: a pooled analysis of two multicenter trials with sertraline. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 25, 247361.Google Scholar
Krishnan, K.R., Taylor, W.D., McQuoid, D.R., et al. (2004). Clinical Characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging-defined subcortical ischemic depression. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 390397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López Arrieta, J.M., & Birks, J. (2004). Nimodipine for primary degenerative, mixed and vascular dementia (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lyketsos, C.G., Treisman, G.C., Lipsey, J.R., Morris, P.L., & Robinson, R.G. (1998). Does stroke cause depression? Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10, 103107.Google Scholar
Mast, B.T., MacNeill, S.E., & Lichtenberg, P.A. (2004). Post-stroke and clinically-defined vascular depression in geriatric rehabilitation patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 8492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mast, B.T., Neufeld, S., MacNeill, S.E., et al. (2004). Longitudinal support for the relationship between vascular risk factors and late life depressive symptoms. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 93101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nebes, R.D., et al. (2002). Longitudinal increase in the volume of white matter hyperintensities in late-onset depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 526530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, J., Ames, D., Chiu, E., et al. (1998). Severe deep white matter lesions and outcome in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: follow up study. British Medical Journal, 317, 982984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, C., Winbland, W., & Fratiglioni, L. (2005). The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurology, 4, 487499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, R.G. (2003). Post stroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and disease prevention. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 376387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, R.G. (2005). Vascular depression and poststroke depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13 (2), 8587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Román, G.C., Erkinjuntti, T., Wallin, A., Pantoni, L., & Chui, H.C. (2002). Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology, 1, 426436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, S.W., Jackson, A., Baldwin, R.C., et al. (1997). Subcortical hyperintensities in late life depression: acute response to treatment and neuropsychological impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 257275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, S.W., Baldwin, R.C., Jackson, A., et al. (1998). Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in late life depression. Psychological Medicine, 28, 10151026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffens, D.C., et al. (2000). Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population. The Cache Country Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 601607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffens, D.C., Krishnan, K.R.R., Crump, C., & Burke, G.L. (2002). Cerebrovascular disease and depression in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke, 33, 16331644.Google Scholar
Taragano, F.E., Allegri, R., Bagnati, P.M., Vicario, A., & Lyketsos, C.G. (2001). A double blind randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of augmenting standard antidepressant therapy with nimodipine in the treatment of vascular depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 254260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taragano, F.E., Allegri, R.F., Vicario, A., Bagnati, P.M., Pereira Redondo, J.C., Kremer, J.L., Serrano, C.M., Sarasola, D., & Loñ, L. (2005). Arterias, Corazón y Cerebro: Fisiopatología Vascular de los Trastornos Neuropsiquiátricos (2nd ed.). Editorial Ediser, Buenos Aires, pp. 63103.
Taylor, W.D., et al. (2003a). White matter hyperintensity progression and late life depression outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 10901096.Google Scholar
Taylor, W.D., MacFall, J.R., Steffens, D.C., et al. (2003b). Localization of age-associated white matter hyperintensities in late life depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 27 (3), 539544.Google Scholar
Thomas, A.J., et al. (2001). A neuropathological study of vascular factors in late life depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 8387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, A.J., et al. (2002). Ischemic basis for deep white matter hyperintensities in major depression: a neuropathological study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 785792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiemeier, H., Breteler, M.M., van Popele, N.M., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J.C. (2003). Late life depression is associated with arterial stiffness: a population-based study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 11051110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiemeier, H., van Dijck, W., Hofman, A., et al. (2004). Relationship between atherosclerosis and late life depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 369376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, B.A., Petrella, J.R., & Doraiswamy, P.M. (2002). The role of neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 427432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vataja, R., Pohjasvaara, T., Mantyla, R., et al. (2005). Depression-executive dysfunction syndrome in stroke patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 99107.Google Scholar
Vinkers, D.J., Stek, M.L., van der Mast, R.C., et al. (2005). Generalized atherosclerosis, cognitive decline, and depressive symptoms in old age. Neurology, 65, 107112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, M.R., & Izzo, J.L. (2003). Calcium antagonists. In: Hypertension Primer, Chapter 146c, from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research, American Heart Association, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 433436.
Yaffe, K., Blackwell, T., Gore, R., Sands, L., Reus, V., & Browner, W. (1999). Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in nondemented elderly: a prospective study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 425430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar