Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:55:10.883Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tankards of the British Iron Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2015

Jonathan A. Horn
Jonathan A. Horn*
Affiliation:
Room 3.06, desk 1, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Iron Age tankards are stave-built wooden vessels completely covered or bound in copper-alloy sheet. The distinctive copper-alloy handles of these vessels frequently display intricate ‘Celtic’ or La Tène art styles. They are characterised by their often highly original designs, complex manufacturing processes, and variety of find contexts. No systematic analysis of this artefact class has been undertaken since Corcoran’s (1952a) original study was published in Volume 18 of these Proceedings. New evidence from the Portable Antiquities Scheme for England and Wales and recent excavations have more than quadrupled the number of known examples (139 currently). It is therefore necessary and timely to re-examine tankards, and to reintegrate them into current debates surrounding material culture in later prehistory. Tankards originate in the later Iron Age and their use continued throughout much of the Roman period. As such, their design was subject to varying influences over time, both social and aesthetic. Their often highly individual form and decoration is testament to this fact and has created challenges in developing a workable typology (Corcoran 1952a; 1952b; 1957; Spratling 1972; Jackson 1990). A full examination of the decoration, construction, wear and repair, dating, and deposition contexts will allow for a reassessment of the role of tankards within the social and cultural milieu of later prehistoric and early Roman Britain.

Résumé

Chopes de l’âge du fer britannique, de Jonathan A. Horn

Les chopes de l’âge du fer sont des récipients en bois, construits de lattes, complètement couverts ou entourés d’une feuille d’alliage de cuivre. Leurs anses distinctives, en alliage de cuivre, démontrent fréquemment des styles artistiques compliqués ‘celtes’ ou de la Tène. Ils se caractérisent par leurs motifs souvent extrèmement originaux, leurs procédés de fabrication complexes et la variété des contextes dans lesquels ils ont été découverts. Aucune analyse systématique de cette classe d’artefacts n’a été entreprise depuis la publication de l’étude originale de Corcoran publiée dans le volume 18 de ce même bulletin. De nouveaux témoignages provenant du projet sur les Antiquités Portables de l’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles et de récentes fouilles ont plus que quadruplé le nombre d’exemplaires connus (139 à l’heure actuelle). Il est donc nécessaire et opportun de réexaminer les chopes, de les réintégrer au coeur des débats actuels autour de la culture matérielle pendant la préhistoire finale. Les chopes ont leur origine dans la seconde moitié de l’âge du fer et on continua à les utiliser tout au long de la plus grande partie de la période romaine. Et à ce titre, leur dessin fut sujet, au fil du temps, à diverses influences, à la fois sociales et esthétiques. Leur forme et leur décoration souvent extrèmement individuelles en témoignent et ont présenté des défis quand il a fallu établir une typologie exploitable. Un examen complet de leurs décoration, fabrication, usure et réparation, datation et contexte de dépôt vont nous permettre de réévaluer le rôle des chopes à l’intérieur du milieu social et culturel de la seconde moitié de la préhistoire et du début de la Grande-Bretagne romaine.

Zussamenfassung

Krüge der britischen Eisenzeit, von Jonathan A. Horn

Eisenzeitliche Trinkkrüge sind aus Dauben gefertigte hölzerne Gefäße, die vollständig bedeckt sind oder eingefasst werden von Blechen aus Kupferlegierung. Die auffälligen Henkel aus Kupferlegierung weisen häufig aufwändig verschlungene Muster auf im „keltischen“ oder Latène-Stil. Sie sind gekennzeichnet durch ihre oft höchst originellen Motive, ihre komplexen Herstellungsprozesse und eine Vielzahl von Fundkontexten. Seit Corcorans ursprüngliche Studie in Band 18 dieser Proceedings publiziert wurde, ist keine systematische Untersuchung dieser Artefaktklasse mehr vorgenommen worden. Neue Belege, die aus dem Portable Antiquities Scheme für England und Wales und aus jüngeren Ausgrabungen stammen, haben die Zahl der bekannten Exemplare mehr als vervierfacht (gegenwärtig 139). Es ist deshalb notwendig und an der Zeit die Trinkkrüge neu zu untersuchen und sie wieder in gegenwärtige Debatten um die materielle Kultur in der jüngeren Vorgeschichte einzubinden. Solche Krüge kommen in der späten Eisenzeit auf und ihre Nutzung setzt sich durch den Großteil der römischen Zeit fort. So ist ihre Gestaltung den verschiedenen Einflüssen im Verlauf der Zeit unterworfen, sowohl sozialen als auch ästhetischen. Ihre oft höchst individuelle Form und Verzierung gibt Zeugnis von dieser Tatsache und stellt eine Herausforderung für die Schaffung einer nützlichen Typologie dar. Eine umfängliche Untersuchung der Verzierung, Herstellung, Benutzung und Reparatur, ihrer Datierung und der Kontexte ihrer Deponierung soll uns erlauben die Rolle der Krüge innerhalb des sozialen und kulturellen Milieus Großbritanniens in der jüngeren Vorgeschichte und frühen Römerzeit neu zu bewerten.

Resumen

Jarras de metal de la Edad del Hierro británica, por Jonathan A. Horn

Las jarras de metal de la Edad del Hierro son vasijas de madera elaboradas mediante listones totalmente cubiertos o ceñidos por láminas de aleación de cobre. Las asas de aleación de cobre características de estas jarras frecuentemente reflejan estilos artísticos “célticos” o de “La Tène”. Éstos se caracterizan por la originalidad de sus diseños, por la complejidad de su manufactura, y por la variedad de contextos en que aparecen. Desde la publicación del estudio original de Corcoran en el volumen 18 de estos Proceedings, no se ha llevado a cabo ningún análisis sistemático de estos objetos. Las nuevas evidencias registradas en Portable Antiquities Scheme for England and Wales y las obtenidas a partir de excavaciones recientes cuadruplican el número de ejemplares conocidos (actualmente 139). Por eso, es necesario y adecuado re-examinar estas jarras de metal, reintegrándolas en los debates actuales en torno a la cultura material en el final de la Prehistoria. Las jarras de metal se originaron a finales de la Edad del Hierro y su uso continuó durante buena parte de la época romana. Por ello, su diseño estuvo sujeto a distintas influencias tanto sociales como estéticas a lo largo del tiempo. Su morfología y decoración extremadamente individual es reflejo de este hecho y ha supuesto un reto a la hora de crear una tipología manejable. Un examen completo de la decoración, elaboración, uso y reparación, de la cronología y de los contextos de depósito permitirá una revaloración del papel de las jarras de metal en el ámbito social y cultural del final de la Prehistoria y de los inicios de la Bretaña romana.

Keywords

TankardsLate Iron AgeRoman Britainhoardsalcoholfrontier identitiesCeltic artLa Tènecoopering
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 81 , December 2015 , pp. 311 - 341
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashbee, P., Bell, M.A. & Proudfoot, E.V. 1989. The Wilsford Shaft 1960–1962. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 11 Google Scholar
Barclay, G.J. 1983. Sites of the 3rd millennium bc to the 1st millennium ad at North Mains, Strathallan, Perthshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 113, 122–282 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, G.J. & Russell White, C.J. 1993. Excavations in the ceremonial complex of the 4th to 2nd millennium bc at Balfarg/Balbirnie. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123, 42–210 Google Scholar
Bedwin, O.R. 1991. Asheldam Camp – an early Iron Age hillfort: the 1985 excavations. Essex Society for Archaeology & History 22, 31–35 Google Scholar
Bevan-Jones, R. 2002. The Ancient Yew: a history of Taxus baccata . Macclesfield: Windgather Press Google Scholar
Birchall, A. 1964. The Belgic problem: Aylesford revisited. British Museum Quarterly 28, 21–29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brailsford, J.W. 1958. Early Iron Age ‘C’ in Wessex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 24, 101–119 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brailsford, J.W. 1962. Hod Hill, Volume One: antiquities from Hod Hill in the Durden Collection. London: Trustees of the British Museum Google Scholar
Brewster, T.C.M. 1971. The Garton Slack chariot burial, East Yorkshire. Antiquity 45, 289–292 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulleid, A. & Gray, H.S.G. 1911. The Glastonbury Lake Village (2 vols). Glastonbury: Glastonbury Antiquarian Society Google Scholar
Caesar, J. 1869. De Bello Gallico. Trans. by W.A. McDevitte & W.S. Bohn. New York: Harper & Brothers Google Scholar
Carter, S., Hunter, F., Smith, A., Hastie, M., Lancaster, S., Dalland, M., Hurford, R., Bailey, E., McDonnell, G. & Swiss, T. 2010. A 5th century bc Iron Age chariot burial from Newbridge, Edinburgh. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 76, 31–74 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, B.J. 1990. Anthropomorphic wooden figures from Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56, 315–333 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. 2004. Early Anglo-Saxon Buckets: a corpus of copper alloy- and iron-bound, stave-built vessels. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Google Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2006. Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. & Richardson, J.E. 2013. Exploring ritual deposits in a well at Rothwell Haigh, Leeds. Britannia 44, 191–217 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, J.X.W.P. 1952a. Tankards and tankard handles of the British Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 18, 85–102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, J.X.W.P. 1952b. Tankards and tankard handles of the British Early Iron Age: a handle from Burwell Fen, Cambridgeshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 18, 239 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, J.X.W.P. 1957. A tankard handle from Puddlehill, near Dunstable, Beds. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 23, 233–234 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, L. 2013a. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number SWYOR-1B7422. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Creighton, L. 2013b. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number SWYOR-1B5433. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1972. The Late Iron Age metalwork from Bulbury, Dorset. Antiquaries Journal 52, 293–308 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2005. Iron Age Communities in Britain, 3rd edn. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Davies, J.L. & Spratling, M.G. 1976. The Seven Sisters hoard: a centenary study. In G.C. Boon & J.M. Lewis (eds), Welsh Antiquity: essays mainly on prehistoric topics presented to H.N. Savory upon his retirement as Keeper of Archaeology, 121–147. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Davis, M. & Gwilt, A. 2008. Material, style and identity in first century AD metalwork, with particular reference to the Seven Sisters hoard. In Garrow et al. (eds) 2008, 146–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearne, M.J. & Parsons, J. 1997. Recent Romano-British metal detector finds in the Sheffield and Rotherham Museum collections and rural settlement patterns in South Yorkshire. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 69, 39–92 Google Scholar
Dewar, H.S.L. & Godwin, H. 1963. Archaeological discoveries in the raised bogs of the Somerset Levels. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 29, 17–49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, J.H. 1978. Bronze Age mead. Antiquity 52, 108–113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietler, M. 1990. Driven by drink: the role of drinking in the political economy and the case of Early Iron Age France. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9, 352–406 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dineley, M. 2004. Barley, Malt and Ale in the Neolithic. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S1213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, T.N. 1981. Preliminary excavation of Oakbank Crannog, Loch Tay: interim report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 10, 15–21 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doran, J.E. & Hodson, F.R. 1975. Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Google Scholar
Downey, R., King, A. & Soffe, G. 1980. The Hayling Island temple and religious connections across the Channel. In W. Rodwell (ed.), Temples, Churches and Religion: recent research in Roman Britain with a gazetteer of Romano-Celtic temples in Continental Europe, 289–304. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 27 Google Scholar
Dunning, G.S. 1976. Salmonsbury, Bourton-on-the-water, Gloucestershire. In D.W. Harding (ed.), Hillforts: later prehistoric earthworks in Britain and Ireland, 75–118. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Earwood, C. 1993. Domestic Wooden Artefacts in Britain and Ireland from Neolithic to Viking Times. Exeter: University of Exeter Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earwood, C. 1997. The wooden artefacts. In N. Nayling & A. Caseldine (eds), Excavations at Caldicot, Gwent: Bronze Age palaeochannels in the Lower Neddern Valley, 204–209. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 108 Google Scholar
Edwards, N. 2013. The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. London: Routledge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1890. On a Late-Celtic urn-field at Aylesford, Kent, and on the Gaulish Illyro-Italic, and Classical connexions of the forms of pottery and bronze-work there discovered. Archaeologia 52, 315–388 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C., Appleby, G., Lucy, S. & Regan, R. 2013. Process and History (Vol. 2): Romano-British Communities at Colne Fen, Earith. Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit Google Scholar
Evans, D.R. & Metcalfe, V.M. 1992. Roman Gates Caerleon: the ‘Roman Gates’ Site in the Fortress of the Second Augustan Legion at Caerleon, Gwent: the excavations of the Roman buildings and evidence for early medieval activity. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Fenton, A. 2008. The transformation of everyday food on special occasions in Scotland. Rheinisch-westfälische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 53, 47 Google Scholar
Feugère, M. 1991. Autres forms. In M. Feugère & C. Rolley (eds), La Vaisselle Tardo-Républicaine en Bronze, 121–130. Dijon: Université de Bourgogne Centre de Recherches sur Les Techniques Gréco-Romaines 13 Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1989. Cross Channel Relations in the British Later Iron Age. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Durham UniversityGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2010. The champions portion: feasting in the Celtic Pre-Roman Iron Age. In G. Cooney, K. Becker, J. Coles, M. Ryan & S. Sievers (eds), Relics of Old Decency: archaeological studies in later prehistory. Festschrift for Barry Raftery, 387–402. Dublin: Wordwell Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1923. The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region: a topographical study of the Bronze, Early Iron, Roman and Anglo-Saxon ages, with an introductory note on the Neolithic age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1958. Pattern and Purpose: a survey of early Celtic Art in Britain. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Gage, J. 1834. A plan of barrows called the Bartlow Hills, in the parish of Ashdon, in Essex, with an account of Roman sepulchral relics recently discovered in the lesser barrows. Archaeologia 25, 1–23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrow, D. 2008. The time and space of Celtic art: interrogating the ‘Technologies of Enchantment’ database. In Garrow et al. (eds) 2008, 15–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrow, D. & Gosden, C. 2012. Technologies of Enchantment? Exploring Celtic Art: 400 bc to ad 100. Oxford: Oxford University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrow, D., Gosden, C. & Hill, J.D. (eds). 2008. Rethinking Celtic Art. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gell, A. 1999. The technology of enchantment and the enchantment of technology. In E. Hirsch (ed.), The Art of Anthropology: essays and diagrams, 159–186. London: Athlone Press Google Scholar
Giles, M. 2008. Seeing red: the aesthetics of martial objects in the British and Irish Iron Age. In Garrow et al. (eds). 2008, 59–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graue, J. 1974. Die Gräberfelder von Ornavasso. Hamburg: Buske Google Scholar
Gurney, D. 1996. Archaeological finds in Norfolk 1995. Norfolk Archaeology 43(1), 387–396 Google Scholar
Gurney, D. 2002. Archaeological finds in Norfolk. Norfolk Archaeology 44(1), 149–162 Google Scholar
Gurney, D. 2003. Archaeological finds in Norfolk. Norfolk Archaeology 44(2), 356–368 Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2007. Silent silures? Locating people and places in the Iron Age of south Wales. In C. Haselgrove & T. Moore (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 297–328. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2010. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number SWYOR-09BA81. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2012. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number NMGW-9C0216. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Haeussler, R. 2013. Becoming Roman? Diverging Identities and Experiences in Ancient Northwest Italy. Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London 57. Walnut Creek CA: Left Coast PressGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, A. 1991. Machrie Moor: recent investigations at 2 stone circles. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 121, 51–94 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, D.W. 2007. The Archaeology of Celtic Art. London: Routledge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C. 1982. Wealth, prestige and power: the dynamics of late Iron Age political centralisation in south-east England. In C. Renfrew & S. Shennan (eds), Ranking, Resource and Exchange, 79–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Hencken, T. 1938. The excavation of the Iron Age camp on Bredon Hill. Archaeological Journal 95, 1–111 Google Scholar
Hindson, T. & Elphick, L. 2012. Yews, Taxus baccata L. at Crowhurst Churchyard in Sussex, The Parish Church of St George, visit of May 2012. Unpublished ManuscriptGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, N. 2003. The Roman Fort at Wallsend (Segedunum): excavations in 1997-8. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Tyne & Wear Museums Google Scholar
Horn, J. 2015. An Early Roman tankard from Cromwell, Nottinghamshire. PAST: The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society 80, 3–4 Google Scholar
Hornsey, I.S. 2003. A History of Beer and Brewing. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry Google Scholar
Howard-Davis, C. & Buxton, K. 2003 (updated 2009). Bremetenacum: excavations at Roman Ribchester 1980, 1989-1990. Lancaster: Lancaster Imprints Series 9 Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2003. Muthill (Muthill parish), Iron Age tankard handle. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 4, 110.Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2006. New light on Iron Age massive armlets. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries 136, 135–160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, F. 2007. Artefacts, regions, and identities in the northern British Iron Age. In C. Haselgrove & T. Moore (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 286–296. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2008. Celtic art in Roman Britain. In Garrow et al. (eds) 2008, 129–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. 1990. Camerton: the Late Iron Age and Early Roman metalwork. London: British Museum Publications Google Scholar
Jacques, A. 2007. La nécropole aristocratique de Saint-Nicolas-lez-Arras. In V. Kruta & G. Leman-Delerive (eds), Feux des morts, foyers des vivants. Les rites et symboles du feu dans les tombes de l'Age du Fer et de l'époque romaine, 35–49. Lille: Université Charles de Gaulle Google Scholar
James, H. 2012. Unpublished Data Structure Report: Castle Craig 2012. Strathearn and Royal ForteviotGoogle Scholar
Jope, E.M. 2000. Early Celtic Art in the British Isles (2 vols). Oxford: Clarendon Press Google Scholar
Joy, J. 2006. Biddlesden Tankard Fittings. Unpublished draft manuscriptGoogle Scholar
Joy, J. 2010. Iron Age Mirrors: a biographical approach. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 518 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joy, J. 2014. ‘Fire burn and cauldron bubble’: Iron Age and Early Roman cauldrons of Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 327–362 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kite, G.C., Lawrence, T.J. & Dauncey, E.A. 2000. Detecting Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Veterinary & Human Toxicology 42, 151–154 Google ScholarPubMed
Kite, G.C., Rowe, E.R., Veitch, N.C., Turner, J.E. & Dauncey, E.A. 2013. Generic detection of basic taxoids in wood of European Yew (Taxus baccata) by liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 915–16, 21–27 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langsner, D. 1985. Making wooden buckets: White cooperage, the Swiss way. In J. Kelsey (ed.), Fine Woodworking: on bending wood, 9–14. Newtown, CN: Taunton Press Google Scholar
Lőrincz, B. 2001. Die Römischen Hilfstruppen in Pannonien während der Prinzipatszeit. Teil I: Die Inschriften. Wien: Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie Google Scholar
Lowe, J. 1897. The Yew-Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. London: MacMillan Google Scholar
MacGregor, M. 1976. Early Celtic Art in North Britain: a study of decorative metalwork from the third century bc to the third century ad (2 vols). Leicester: Leicester University Press Google Scholar
Marshall, A. 2006a. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number SWYOR-D271D5. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Marshall, A. 2006b. Portable Antiquities Scheme record number SWYOR-D20FD1. www.finds.org.uk Google Scholar
Marvell, A.G. & Owen-John, H.S. 1997. Leucarum: excavations at the Roman auxiliary fort at Loughor, West Glamorgan 1982-84 and 1987-88. London: Britannia Monograph 12 Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2006. An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire. London: Allen Lane Google Scholar
Megaw, J.V.S. 1971. A group of Later Iron Age collars or neck-rings from western Britain. The British Museum Quarterly 35(1/4), 145–156 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northover, P. 1995. The technology of metalwork: bronze and gold. In M.J. Green (ed.), Celtic World, 285–309. Oxford: Routledge Google Scholar
O’Neill, J. 2002. Reconstructing the Carrickfergus tankard. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 3rd Ser. 61, 8–16 Google Scholar
Ovell, P. 1996. Special Publication No. I: Finland's indigenous beer culture. Helsinki: Perinteisen Oluen Seura Google Scholar
Parfitt, K. 1995. Iron Age Burials from Mill Hill, Deal. London: British Museum Press Google Scholar
Périchon, R. 1966. Notes complémentaires concernant l’album des fouilles du Mont Beuvray. Celticum 15, 209–224 Google Scholar
Pietsch, J., Schulz, K., Schmidt, U., Andresen, H., Schwarze, B. & Dreβler, J. 2007. A comparative study of five fatal cases of Taxus poisoning. International Journal of Legal Medicine 121, 417–422 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piggott, S. 1953. Three metalwork hoards of the Roman period from southern Scotland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 87, 1–50 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pliny the Elder. 1960. Natural History. Trans. by H. Rackham. London: Heinemann Google Scholar
Pryor, F.L. 1977. The Origins of the Economy: a comparative study of distribution in primitive and peasant economies. New York, San Francisco & London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1984. La Tène in Ireland: problems of origin and chronology. Marburg: Veroffentlichung des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars Google Scholar
Raftery, J. 1972. Iron Age and Irish Sea: Problems for Research. In C. Thomas (ed.), The Iron Age in the Irish Sea Province, 1–10. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 9 Google Scholar
Rahtz, P.A. & Greenfield, E. 1977. Excavations at Chew Valley Lake, Somerset. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Google Scholar
Richmond, I. 1968. Hod Hill: Volume 2: excavations carried out between 1951 and 1958 for the Trustees of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum Google Scholar
Rösch, M. 2008. New aspects of agriculture and diet of the early medieval period in central Europe: waterlogged plant material from sites in south-western Germany. Vegetation History & Archaeobotany 17(1), 225–238 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Score, V. 2011. Hoards, Hounds and Helmets: a Conquest-Period ritual site at Hallaton, Leicestershire. Leicester: University of Leicester Archaeological Services Google Scholar
Sealey, P.R. 1999. Finds from the cauldron pit. The spouted strainer bowls. In N.R. Brown (ed.), The Archaeology of Ardleigh, Essex: Excavations 1955–1980, 117–124. Chelmsford: East Anglian Archaeology 90 Google Scholar
Sealey, P.R. 2007. A Late Iron Age Warrior Burial from Kelvedon, Essex. Colchester: East Anglian Archaeology 118 Google Scholar
Sharples, N. 2010. Social Relations in Later Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherratt, A.G. 1986. Cups that cheered. In W.H. Waldren & R.C. Kennard (eds), Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean: Oxford International Conference 1986, 81–114. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 331 Google Scholar
Simpson, M. 1972. An Iron Age tankard fragment from Caerwent. Antiquaries Journal 52, 330–331 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1912. On Late-Celtic antiquities discovered at Welwyn, Herts. Archaeologia 2nd ser. 63, 1–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparrow, J. 2005. Wild Brews: beer beyond the influence of brewer’s yeast. Boulder, CO: Brewers publications Google Scholar
Spratling, M.G. 1972. Southern British Decorated Bronzes of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. Unpublished PhD thesis. Institute of Archaeology, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1967. A La Tène III burial at Welwyn Garden City. Archaeologia 101, 1–62 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1971. The reconstruction of Iron Age buckets from Aylesford and Baldock. British Museum Quarterly 35, 250–282 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, R.B.K. 1960. A wooden sword of the Late Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 91, 191–193 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tendille, C. 1981. Mobiliers metalliques protohistoriques de la region Nimoise: instruments de toilette et vaiselle (IV). Documents d’Archéologie Méridionale 4, 61–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timby, J. 1990. Severn Valley wares: a reassessment. Brittania 21, 243–251 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwary, A.K., Puschner, B., Kinde, H. & Tor, E.R. 2005. Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, 252–255 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulbert, G. 1960. Ein Spatlatênezeitlicher Bronzebecher aus Manching, Ldkr. Ingolstadt. Bayer Vorgeschichtsbl 25, 69–75 Google Scholar
van Ingen, G., Visser, R., Peltenburg, H., Ark, A.M. & van der Voortman, M. 1992. Sudden unexpected death due to taxus poisoning. A report of five cases with review of the literature. Forensic Science International 56, 81–87 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vuoristo, O. 1978. Suomalaiset haarikka-astiat: mit deutschem Referat: Die Trinkgefässe vom haarikka-Typ in Finnland. Helsinki: Helsingin Liikekirjapaino Oy Google Scholar
Webster, P.V. 1975. Roman and Iron Age tankards in western Britain. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 26, 231–236 Google Scholar
Webster, P.V. 1976. Severn Valley ware: a preliminary study. Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeology Society 94, 18–46 Google Scholar
Webster, P.V. 1977. Severn Valley ware on the Antonine frontier. In J. Dore & K. Greene (eds), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, 163–176. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S30 Google Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943. Maiden Castle, Dorset. Oxford: Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham-Jones, C.J. 1990. Rhum: Mesolithic and later Sites at Kinloch. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham-Jones, C., Card, N., Appleby, A., Care-Brown, P., Isbister, A., Leith, P., Dineley, M. & Dineley, G. 2000. The Neolithic Fair, Skaill House, Sandwich. In A. Richie (ed.), Neolithic Orkney in its European Context, 189–202. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph Google Scholar
Wilson, P.R. 2002. Cataractonium: Roman Catterick and its hinterland. Excavations and research 1958–1997, vol. 2. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 129 Google Scholar
Worrell, S. & Pearce, J. 2011. II: Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Brittania 42, 399–437 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Jonathan Horn supplementary material S1

Jonathan Horn supplementary material

Download Jonathan Horn supplementary material S1(File)
File 41.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jonathan Horn supplementary material S2

Jonathan Horn supplementary material

Download Jonathan Horn supplementary material S2(File)
File 36.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jonathan Horn supplementary material S3

Jonathan Horn supplementary material

Download Jonathan Horn supplementary material S3(File)
File 30 KB