Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T11:19:56.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

John F. Cherry
Affiliation:
Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge University

Extract

When and how were the Mediterranean islands first settled? Has insularity itself—the special characteristics of islands everywhere—acted as a constraint on the manner and rate of their colonization by man? If so, is it possible for archaeologists to make use of ecological and biogeographical models which have been developed to account for the abundance and diversity of animals and plants on islands of varying size and remoteness? This paper offers a brief review of the available data on the first of these important questions, seen in the light of the second and third, and it proposes some modifications to the scenarios of colonization to be found in most current accounts of early island prehistory in the Mediterranean. As a reflection of personal research interests, I emphasize the east Mediterranean evidence, but there are useful insights to be gleaned, I believe, by comparing what we find there with the pattern for the islands of the west.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alexander, J. 1978. ‘Frontier studies and the earliest farmers in Europe’, in Green, D., Haselgrove, C. and Spriggs, M. (eds). Social Organisation and Settlement (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 47). 1329. Oxford.Google Scholar
Allen, J., Golson, J. and Jones, R. (eds). 1977. Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. London.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A. J. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 1973. ‘A population model for the diffusion of early farming in Europe’, in Renfrew, C. (ed.). The Explanation of Culture Change, 343–58. London.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A. J. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 1979. ‘The wave of advance model for the spread of agriculture in Europe’, in Renfrew, C. and Cooke, K. L. (eds). Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change, 275–94. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ankel, C. 1978. Vorzeit und Gegenwart. Duisburg.Google Scholar
Aspinall, A., Feather, S. W. and Renfrew, C. 1972. ‘Neutron activation analysis of Aegean obsidians’, Nature, 237, 333–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atzeni, E. 1974. ‘Nuovi idoli della Sardegna prenuragica’, Studi Sardi, 23, 351.Google Scholar
Bakalakis, G. 1969. ‘Aus den Grotten von Antiparos und Paros’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1969, 125–32.Google Scholar
Bates, M. 1963. ‘Nature's effect on and control of man’, in Fosberg, F. R. (ed.). Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem: A Symposium, 101–13. Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1978. The Polynesians: Prehistory of an Island People. London.Google Scholar
Belmont, J. S. and Renfrew, C. 1964. ‘Two prehistoric sites on Mykonos’, American Journal of Archaeology, 68, 395400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bintliff, J. L. 1977. Natural Environment and Human Settlement in Prehistoric Greece (British Archaeological Reports, Supplementary Series 28). Oxford.Google Scholar
Black, S. 1979. ‘Polynesian outliers: a study in the survival of small populations’, in Hodder, I. (ed.). Simulation Studies in Archaeology, 6376. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Brea, L. B. 1966. Sicily Before the Greeks. London.Google Scholar
Brea, L. B. and Cavalier, M. 1960. Meligunis-Lipára, I. Palermo.Google Scholar
Brea, L. B. and Cavalier, M. 1968. Meligunis-Lipára, III. Palermo.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1976. ‘Navigations et relations interméditerranéennes préhistoriques’, Colloque II, Actes du IXième Congrès International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques. Nice.Google Scholar
Cherry, J. F. 1979. ‘Four problems in Cycladic prehistory’, in Davis, J. L. and Cherry, J. F. (eds). Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Monograph XIV, U.C.L.A. Institute of Archaeology), 2247. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Cherry, J. F. 1980. Diachronic Island Archaeology in the Aegean: A Case Study on Melos. Ph.D. Dissertation, Southampton University.Google Scholar
Cherry, J. F. 1981. ‘A preliminary definition of site distribution on Melos’, in Renfrew, C. and Wagstaff, J. M. (eds). An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation on Melos. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cherry, J. F. and Torrence, R. 1981. ‘The earliest prehistory of Melos’, in Renfrew, C. and Wagstaff, J. M. (eds). An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation on Melos. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. E. 1977. Kephala, A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery (Keos I). Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Conchon, O. 1976. ‘The human settlement of Corsica: palaeogeographic and tectonic considerations’, Journal of Human Evolution, 5, 241–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowgill, G. L. 1975. ‘On causes and consequences of ancient and modern population changes’, American Anthropologist, 77, 505–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, G. and Evans, J. D. 1975. ‘The Western Mediterranean’, in Edwards, I. E. S., Gadd, C. J., Hammond, N. G. L. and Sollberger, E. (eds). The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II. Part 2, 713–72. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J. M. 1977. ‘Western Polynesia and Fiji: prehistoric contact, diffusion and differentiation in adjacent archipelagos’, World Archaeology. 9, 8294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. L. and Cherry, J. F. 1979. ‘Introduction’, in Davis, J. L. and Cherry, J. F. (eds). Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Monograph XIV, U.C.L.A. Institute of Archaeology), 16. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. 1977. ‘Colonization cycles in man and beasts’, World Archaeology, 8, 249–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J. E. and Renfrew, C. 1973. The source of the Franchthi obsidians’, Hesperia, 42, 82–3.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. 1963. ‘Biological evolution in island populations’, in Fosberg, F. R. (ed.). Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem: A Symposium, 6575. Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Evans, A. J. 1921. The Palace of Minos, Vol. I. London.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1959. Malta. London.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1964. ‘Excavations in the neolithic settlement of Knossos, 1957–1960. Part I’, Annual of the British School at Athens, 59, 132240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1968. ‘Knossos Neolithic, Part II: summary and conclusions’, Annual of the British School at Athens, 63, 267–76.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1971a. ‘Neolithic Knossos: the growth of a settlement’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 37, Part II, 95117.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1971b. Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands: A Survey. London.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1973. ‘Islands as laboratories for the study of culture process’, in Renfrew, C. (ed.) The Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory, 517–20. London.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1977. ‘Island archaeology in the Mediterranean: problems and opportunities’, World Archaeology, 9, 1226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. D. and Renfrew, C. 1968. Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos (Supplementary Volume of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, No. 5). London.Google Scholar
Faure, P. 1971. ‘Ai enkharaktoi vrakhographiai tou spilaiou Asphentou Sphakion’, Amaltheia, 2 (9), 277–83.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C., Czartoryska, N. M. G. and Hunter, P. M. 1973. ‘Archaeological evidence for eustatic and tectonic components of relative sea level change in the south Aegean’, in Blackmail, D. J. (ed.). Marine Archaeology (Colston Papers 23), 163. London.Google Scholar
Franchet, L. 1916. Ceramique Antique: Recherches Techniques Appliquées à la Chronologie (Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scientifiques, Fascicule 15). Paris.Google Scholar
Gamble, C. S. 1979. ‘Surplus and self-sufficiency in the Cycladic subsistence economy’, in Davis, J. L. and Cherry, J. F. (eds). Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Monograph XIV, U.C.L.A. Institute of Archaeology), 122–34. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Glover, I. C. 1973. ‘Island southeast Asia and the settlement of Australia’, in Strong, D. E. (ed.). Archaeological Theory and Practice, 105–29. London.Google Scholar
Gorman, M. 1979. Island Ecology. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, R. A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1953. ‘Nuovi graffiti della Grotta di Levanzo (Egadi)’, Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, 8, 123–37.Google Scholar
Guilaine, J. 1976. Premiers Bergers et Paysans de l'Occident Mediterranéen. Paris.Google Scholar
Hallam, B. R., Warren, S. E. and Renfrew, C. 1976. ‘Obsidian in the western Mediterranean: characterization by neutron activation analysis and optical emission spectroscopy’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 42, 85110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, S. J. 1977. ‘The relevance of Old World archaeology to the first entry of man into new worlds: colonization seen from the Antipodes’, Quaternary Research, 8, 124–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. L. J. 1981. ‘From determinism to uncertainty: social storage and the rise of the Minoan palace’, in Sheridan, A. and Bailey, G. (eds). Economic Archaeology: Towards an Integration of Ecological and Social Approaches (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 96), 187213. Oxford.Google Scholar
Halstead, P. L. J. and O'Shea, J. in press. ‘A friend in need is a friend indeed: social storage and the origins of social ranking’, in Renfrew, C. and Shennan, S. J. (eds). Ranking, Resources and Exchange: Aspects of the Archaeology of Early European Society. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Honea, K. 1975. ‘Prehistoric remains on the island of Kythnos’, American Journal of Archaeology, 79, 277–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, M. S. F. 1971. The Minoans. London.Google Scholar
Hope Simpson, R. and Dickinson, O. T. P. K. 1979. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilization in the Bronze Age, Vol. I: The Mainland and Islands (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 52). Göteborg.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. W. 1976. ‘17,000 years of Greek prehistory’, Scientific American, 234, 7687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarman, M. R. n.d. ‘Human influence in the development of the Cretan mammalian fauna’. (Ms.).Google Scholar
Jennings, J. D. (ed.). 1979. The Prehistory of Polynesia. Cambridge, Massachusetts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P. 1980. The Sea-Craft of Prehistory. London.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1979. ‘The fifth continent: problems concerning the human colonization of Australia’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 8, 445–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, S. 1976. ‘Ethnographic and biogeographic significance of pottery sherds from Nissan Island, PNG’, Fieldiana Anthropology, 66, 3589.Google Scholar
Kolodny, E. Y. 1974. La Population des Iles de la Grèce: Essai de Géographie Insulaire en Mediterranée Orientale. Aix-en-Provence.Google Scholar
Kopper, J. and Waldren, W. 1968. ‘Balearic prehistory: a new perspective’, Archaeology, 21, 108–15.Google Scholar
Kuss, S. E. 1969. ‘Die paläolithische osteokeratische “Kultur” der Kreta (Griechenland)’, Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau, 59, 137–68.Google Scholar
Lambert, N. 1973. ‘Vestiges préhistoriques dans l'île di Makronissos’, Athens Annals of Archaeology, 6, 112.Google Scholar
Lanfranchi, F. de, and Weiss, M. C. 1973. La Civilisation des Corses: Les Origines. Ajaccio, Corsica.Google Scholar
Leekley, D. and Noyes, R. 1975. Archaeological Excavations in the Greek Islands. Park Ridge, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Levi, D. 1927. ‘The southernmost bound of Europe’, Art and Archaeology, 24, 176–83.Google Scholar
Lewthwaite, J. G. n.d. ‘Cardial disorder? Aspects of cultural and economic change in the early postglacial of the West Mediterranean’. (Ms.).Google Scholar
Lilliu, G. 1972. La Civiltà dei Sardi dal neolitico all' età dei Nuraghi (second edition). Turin.Google Scholar
McArthur, N., Saunders, I. W. and Tweedie, R. L. 1976. ‘Small population isolates: a micro-simulation study’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, 85, 307–26.Google Scholar
Macarthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1975. The Neolithic of the Near East. London.Google Scholar
Micha-Sarantea, E. 1980. ‘Stoicheia lithotechnias tis palaiolithikis epochis sto nisi tis Euboias’, Athens Annals of Archaeology, 11, 209–13.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 1980. ‘Settlement and diversity in the Solomon Islands’, Man, 15, 451–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milliman, J. D. and Emery, K. D. 1968. ‘Sea-levels during the past 35,000 years’, Science, 162, 1121–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mörner, N. A. 1971. ‘Eustatic changes during the last 20,000 years and a method of separating isostatic and eustatic factors in an uplifted area’, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 9, 153–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, I. A. 1968. ‘Relative sea level changes in the Saliagos area since neolithic times’, in Evans, J. D. and Renfrew, C.Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos (Supplementary Volume of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, No. 5), 9298. London.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J. 1975. The Prehistory of Australia (second edition). Melbourne.Google Scholar
Naval Intelligence Division (Italy). 1945. Geographical Handbook Series: Italy, Volume IV. London.Google Scholar
Papoutsakis, C. 1972. ‘Oi vrakhographies st'Asphentou ton Sphakion’, Kretika Khronika, 24, 108–39.Google Scholar
Payne, S. 1975. ‘Faunal change at Franchthi cave from 20,000 BC to 3,000 BC’, in Clason, A. T. (ed.). Archaeozoological Studies, 120–31. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. 1969. The Archaeology of the Ryukyu Islands. Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Pendlebury, J. D. S. 1939. The Archaeology of Crete: An Introduction. London.Google Scholar
Perlès, C. 1979. ‘Des navigateurs méditerranéens il y a 10,000 ans’, La Recherche, 10 (96), 8283.Google Scholar
Perricot Garcia, L. 1972. The Balearic Islands. London.Google Scholar
Phillips, P. A. 1975. Early Farmers of West Mediterranean Europe. London.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. 1972. ‘Charcoal and plaster impressions’, in Warren, P. M.Myrtos: an Early Bronze Age Settlement in Crete (British School at Athens, Supplementary Volume no. 7), 299304. London.Google Scholar
Radi, G. 1972. Tracce di un insediamento neolitico nell'isola di Lampedusa (Atti di Società Toscana di Scienze Naturale, 79). Pisa.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. London.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1973. ‘Trade and craft specialisation’, in Theochares, D. R. (ed.). Neolithic Greece, 179200. Athens.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. and Wagstaff, J. M. (eds.). 1981. An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation on Melos. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1977. ‘Pattern and process in West Indian archaeology’, World Archaeology, 9, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, M. D. 1955. ‘Esoteric efflorescence in Easter Island’, American Anthropologist, 57, 10451052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakellarakis, , 1973. ‘Neolithic Crete’, in Theochares, D. R. (ed.). Neolithic Greece, 131146. Athens.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. S. 1974. ‘Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 161182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sordinas, A. 1970. Stone Implements from Northwestern Corfu, Greece (Memphis State University Anthropological Research Centre, Occasional Paper 4). Memphis.Google Scholar
Stanley Price, N. P. 1977a. ‘Colonisation and continuity in the early prehistory of Cyprus’, World Archaeology, 9, 2741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley Price, N. P. 1977b. ‘Khirokitia and the initial settlement of Cyprus’, Levant, 9, 6689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley Price, N. P. 1979. Early Prehistoric Settlement in Cyprus 6500–3000 B.C. (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 65). Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockton, E. 1968. ‘Pre-neolithic remains at Kyrenia, Cyprus’, Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, 1968, 1619.Google Scholar
Terrell, J. E. 1976. ‘Island biogeography and man in Melanesia’, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 11, 117.Google Scholar
Theochares, D. R. (ed.). 1973. Neolithic Greece. Athens.Google Scholar
Topp, C., Fernandez, J. H. and Plantalamor, Ll. 1976. ‘Ca na Costa: a megalithic chamber tomb on Formentera, Balearic islands’, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London, 13, 139174.Google Scholar
Topp, C., Fernandez, J. H. and Plantalamor, Ll. 1979. ‘Recent archaeological activities in Ibiza and Formentera’, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London, 19, 215231.Google Scholar
Torrence, R. 1979. ‘Macrocore production at the Melos obsidian quarries’, Lithic Technology, 8, 5160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrence, R. 1981. ‘The obsidian quarries’, in Renfrew, C. and Wagstaff, J. M. (eds.). An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation on Melos. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Torrence, R. in press. ‘Aegean obsidian exchange: a view from the sources’, in Ericson, J. E. and Purdy, B. (eds.). Lithic Quarry Production. Princeton.Google Scholar
Torrence, R. and Cherry, J. F. in press. ‘Archaeological survey of the obsidian source on Giali in the Dodecaneese’.Google Scholar
Trump, D. H. 1963. ‘Pantelleria revisited’, Antiquity, 37, 203206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trump, D. H. 1966a. Skorba (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 22). London.Google Scholar
Trump, D. H. 1966b. Central and Southern Italy before the Romans. London.Google Scholar
Tzedakis, J. 1970. ‘Arkhaiotites kai mnemeia Dytikis Kritis’, Archaiologikon Deltion, 25B (2), 465478.Google Scholar
Vagnetti, L. 1973. ‘L'insediamento neolitico di Festòs’, Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene, 50–51, 7138.Google Scholar
Vayda, A. P. and Rappaport, R. 1963. ‘Island cultures’, in Fosberg, F. R. (ed.). Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem: A Symposium, 133145. Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Vita-Finzi, C. 1973. ‘Palaeolithic finds from Cyprus?’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 39, 453454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, S. S. 1951. ‘Neolithic figurines and Aegean interrelations’, American Journal of Archaeology, 51, 121135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zois, A. 1973. Kriti: Epochi Tou Lithou (Athens Centre of Ekistics, Ancient Greek Cities 18). Athens.Google Scholar