Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T07:32:39.553Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Once a Sacred and Secluded Place: Early Bronze Age Monuments at Church Lawton, near Alsager, Cheshire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2014

Malcolm Reid ,
Ian Brooks ,
Jim Innes ,
Stuart Needham ,
Fiona Roe ,
Ian Smith ,
Sam Walsh ,
Ann Woodward  and
with contributions from
Malcolm Reid
Affiliation:
10 Jan Palach Avenue, Nantwich, Cheshire, CW5 7DJ. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Two round barrows were excavated in 1982–3 at Church Lawton near to the eastern edge of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain. One of the barrows was defined by a ring of nine glacial boulders and it is possible that these monoliths initially formed a free-standing stone circle. The remains constitute a rare example of the use of stone to enhance a Bronze Age barrow in the lowlands of central western England. Beneath the mound demarcated by the boulders were the burnt remains of a small, roughly rectangular turf stack associated with fragments of clay daub and pieces of timber. No direct evidence of burial was found within the monument. A radiocarbon date suggests that the structural sequence began sometime in the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium cal bc. The other barrow was principally a two-phased construction and contained urned and un-urned cremation burials. A battle-axe was placed next to one of the burials. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the cremations and associated deposits indicate that individuals were being interred from the late 3rd or early 2nd millennium cal bc, with the practice continuing until the middle of the 2nd millennium. The barrows formed part of a cemetery, consisting of three known mounds.

Résumé

Un endroit autrefois sacré et isolé: monuments de l’âge du bronze ancien à Church Lawton, près d’Alsager, Cheshire, de Malcolm Reid

Deux tertres ronds furent excavés en 1982–83 à Church Lawton près de la bordure est de la plaine du Cheshire et du Staffordshire. L’un des tertres était limité par un anneau de neuf blocs de roche glaciaires et il se peut que ces monolithes formaient à l’origine un cercle de pierres isolé. Les vestiges constituent un rare exemple de l’utilisation de roches pour mettre en valeur un tertre de l’âge du bronze dans les basses terres de l’Angleterre du centre ouest. Sous le tertre délimité par les roches se trouvaient les restes calcinés d’un petit tas de turf grossièrement rectangulaire associé à des fragments d’enduit en argile et des morceaux de bois d’oeuvre. Aucun indice direct d’inhumation ne fut trouvé à l’intérieur du monument. Une datation au C14 donne à penser que la séquence structurelle commença à un moment quelconque vers la fin du IIIe ou le début du IIe millénaire av.J.-C. cal. .L’autre tertre était essentiellement une construction en deux phases et contenait des inhumations à incinération avec et sans urnes. Une hache de guerre était placée à côté d’une des inhumations. Les datations au C14 provenant des crémations et des dépôts associés indiquent que des individus étaient enterrés là à partir de la fin du IIIe ou du début du IIe millénaire av.J.-C. cal, la pratique continuant jusqu’au milieu du IIe millénaire. Ces tertres faisaient partie d’un cimetière, consistant en trois tertres connus.

Zussamenfassung

Ein ehemals heiliger und abgeschiedener Ort: Frühbronzezeitliche Monumente bei Church Lawton, nahe Alsager, Cheshire, von Malcolm Reid

Zwei runde Grabhügel wurden 1982–83 bei Church Lawton, nahe des östlichen Rands der Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain, ausgegraben. Einer der Hügel wurde durch einen Ring aus neun eiszeitlichen Findlingen begrenzt, und es ist möglich, dass diese Monolithen ursprünglich einen freistehenden Steinkreis gebildet hatten. Diese Überreste bilden ein im Flachland des mittleren Westengland seltenes Beispiel vom Gebrauch von Stein um einen bronzezeitlichen Grabhügel aufzuwerten. Unter dem von Findlingen eingehegten Hügel fanden sich die verbrannten Reste eines kleinen, etwa rechteckigen Torfstapels, der mit Fragmenten von Hüttenlehm und Balken assoziiert war. Direkte Hinweise auf eine Bestattung wurden in diesem Monument nicht beobachtet. Ein Radiokarbondatum lässt den Beginn der Nutzungssequenz etwa in das späte 3. bis frühe 2. Jahrtausend kal. bc datieren. Der zweite Hügel war im Prinzip eine zweiphasige Konstruktion und enthielt Brandbestattungen, sowohl in Urnen als auch ohne Urnen. Eine Streitaxt lag neben einer dieser Bestattungen. Radiokarbondaten, die an den Leichenbränden gewonnen wurden, und damit verbundene Funde zeigen, dass die Individuen vom späten 3. oder frühen 2. Jahrtausend kal. bc bis in die Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends bestattet worden waren. Die Hügel waren Teil eines Gräberfeldes, das ursprünglich aus drei bekannten Hügeln bestand.

Resumen

Un espacio sagrado y apartado: monumentos del Bronce Antiguo en Church Lawton, cerca de Alsager, Cheshire, por Malcolm Reid

Dos túmulos circulares fueron excavados en 1982–83 en Church Lawton cerca del extremo este de Cheshire y la llanura de Staffordshire. Uno de los túmulos quedaba delimitado por un anillo de nueve bloques erráticos y es posible que estos monolitos formaran inicialmente un círculo de piedras independiente. Estos restos constituyen un raro ejemplo del uso de piedras para realzar un túmulo de la Edad del Bronce en las tierras bajas del centro oeste de Inglaterra. Bajo el túmulo delimitado por las rocas, se localizaron restos quemados de una pequeña pila rectangular de tepe asociada a restos de manteado y fragmentos de madera. No se documentaron evidencias directas de enterramiento dentro del monumento. Una fecha de radiocarbono sugiere que la secuencia estructural comienza entre finales del III e inicios del II milenio cal bc. El otro túmulo consistía básicamente en una construcción en dos fases y contenía cremaciones en urna y sin urna. Un hacha de combate fue depositada junto a uno de los enterramientos. Las dataciones obtenidas de las cremaciones y de los depósitos asociados indican que los individuos fueron sepultados entre finales del III o inicios del II milenio cal bc, práctica que continuó hasta mediados del II milenio. Ambos túmulos pertenecieron a una necrópolis formada por tres monumentos conocidos.

Keywords

Early Bronze Agebarrow cemeterystone circlemortuary housecremationfire pitsCollared UrnCordoned Urnbattle-axelithic artefactsplano-convex knifebone pointsradiocarbon datespollen analysis
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 80 , December 2014 , pp. 237 - 277
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, C.S.M. & Williams, D. 2007. Appendix A. The prehistoric pottery fabric types. In Garner 2007, 145–149 Google Scholar
Ashbee, P. 1978. Amesbury Barrow 51: excavations 1960. Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine 70/71 (1975–6), 1–60 Google Scholar
Barfield, L. & Lamdin-Whymark, H. 2009. Flint and stone. In K. Colls & J. Halsted, New evidence for monument reuse in Bronze Age Wales: archaeological excavations at Llanymynech, Powys, 2007. Archaeologia Cambrensis 158, 69–96Google Scholar
Barnatt, J. 1990. The Henges, Stone Circles and Ringcairns of the Peak District. Sheffield: Sheffield Archaeological Monograph 1 Google Scholar
Barnatt, J. 1994. Excavations of a Bronze Age unenclosed cemetery, cairns, and field boundaries at Eagleston Flat, Curbar, Derbyshire 1984, 1989–90. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 287–370 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnatt, J. 1999. Taming the land: Peak District farming and ritual in the Bronze Age. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 119, 19–78 Google Scholar
Berridge, P. 1994. The lithics. In H. Quinnell, M.R. Blockley & P. Berridge, Excavations at Rhuddlan, Clwyd 1969–73. Mesolithic to Medieval, 95–114. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 95 Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. New York: Thames & Hudson Google Scholar
Boyle, A. 2013. The cremated human bone. In Lock et al. 2013, 60–2Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2007. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2012. The Idea of Order. The Circular Archetype in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Briggs, C.S., Britnell, W.J. & Gibson, A.M. 1990. Two cordoned urns from Fan y Big, Brecon Beacons, Powys. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56, 173–178 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, A.L. 2007. The Dating of Food Vessels and Urns in Ireland. Galway: Bronze Age Studies 7 Google Scholar
Britnell, W. 1982. The excavation of two round barrows at Trelystan, Powys. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 133–201 Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1), 337–360 Google Scholar
Brooks, S. & Suchey, J.M. 1990. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5, 227–238 Google Scholar
Brothwell, D. 1989. The relationship of tooth wear to aging. In M.Y. Ìşcan (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton, 303–317. Illinois: Charles C Thomas Google Scholar
Buckberry, J.L. & Chamberlain, A.T. 2002. Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, 231–239 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, C. 1986. ‘Urnes of no small variety’: Collared Urns reviewed. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 339–351 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burl, A. 2000. The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany (revised, 2nd edn). New Haven & London: Yale University Press Google Scholar
Butler, C. 2005. Prehistoric Flintwork. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Caffell, A. & Holst, M. 2012. Osteological Analysis. Seven Lows Barrow Cemetery, Fishpool Lane, Delamere, Cheshire. Unpublished report, York Osteoarchaeology Ltd Report 2412Google Scholar
Chambers, F.M. 2011a. Analysis of pollen samples from two barrows at Dingle Bank Farm. In Wilson 2011, 30–3Google Scholar
Chambers, F.M. 2011b. Pollen analysis – round barrow at Jodrell Bank Farm. In Wilson 2011, 74–75 Google Scholar
Chambers, F. & Wilshaw, I. 2013. The King’s Low pollen. In Lock et al. 2013, 59–60Google Scholar
Coope, G.R., Robinson, D.J. & Roe, F.E.S. 1988. The petrological identification of stone implements from Lancashire and Cheshire. In T.H. McK Clough & W.A. Cummins (eds), Stone Axe Studies. Volume 2. The Petrology of Prehistoric Stone Implements from the British Isles, 60–66. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 67 Google Scholar
Cox, M. & Mays, S. (eds) 2000. Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media Google Scholar
Cummings, V. & Fowler, C. 2007. From Cairn to Cemetery: an Archaeological Investigation of the Chambered Cairns and Early Bronze Age Mortuary Deposits at Cairnderry and Bargrennan White Cairn, South-West Scotland. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 434 Google Scholar
Danner, E. 2008. Cremated Tooth Morphology: Construction of a User’s Guide. MSc dissertation, University of Central Lancashire, PrestonGoogle Scholar
Day, P.M. 1990. Appendix 6: petrographic analysis of the pottery. In Freke & Holgate 1990, 25–8Google Scholar
Denston, C.B. 1977. Appendix 1. In Rowley 1977, 19–21Google Scholar
Duffy, P.R.J. & MacGregor, G. 2008. Cremations, conjecture and contextual taphonomies: material strategies during the 4th to 2nd millennia BC in Scotland. In F. Fahlander & T. Oestigaard (eds), The Materiality of Death. Bodies, Burials, Beliefs, 71–77. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S1768 Google Scholar
Edmonds, M. 1995. Stone Tools and Society. Working Stone in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. London: Batsford Google Scholar
Finn, N. 2011. Bronze Age Ceremonial Enclosures and Cremation Cemetery at Eye Kettleby, Leicestershire . Leicester: Leicester Archaeology Monograph 20 Google Scholar
Freke, D.J. & Holgate, R. 1990. Excavations at Winwick, Cheshire in 1980. Excavations of two second millennium bc mounds. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 70 (1987–8), 9–30 Google Scholar
Garner, D.J. 2007. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Settlement at Oversley Farm, Styal, Cheshire. Excavations in Advance of Manchester Airport’s Second Runway, 1997–8. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 435/Gifford Archaeological Monograph 1 Google Scholar
Garwood, P. (ed.) 2007a. The Undiscovered Country: the Earlier Prehistory of the West Midlands. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Garwood, P. 2007b. Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age funerary monuments and burial traditions in the West Midlands. In Garwood (ed.) 2007a, 134–165 Google Scholar
Garwood, P. 2007c. Before the hills in order stood: chronology, time and history in the interpretation of Early Bronze Age round barrows. In Last (ed.) 2007, 30–52 Google Scholar
Garwood, P. 2011. The earlier prehistory of the west midlands. In S. Watt (ed.), The Archaeology of the West Midlands. A Framework for Research, 9–99. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Gejvall, N.G. 1963. Cremations. In D. Brothwell & H. Higgs (eds), Science in Archaeology, 468–479. London: Thames & Hudson Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 1993. The excavation of two cairns and associated features at Carneddau, Powys, 1989–90. Archaeological Journal 150, 1–45 Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 1994. Excavations at the Sarn-y-bryn-caled cursus complex, Welshpool, Powys, and the timber circles of Great Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 143–223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, A. 2007. A Beaker veneer? Some evidence from the burial record. In M. Larsson & M. Parker-Pearson (eds), From Stonehenge to the Baltic. Living with Cultural Diversity in the Third Millennium bc, 47–64. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S1692 Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 2010a. Excavation and survey at Dyffryn Lane henge complex, Powys, and a reconsideration of the dating of henges. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 76, 213–248 Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 2010b. Dating Balbirnie: recent radiocarbon dates from the stone circle and cairn at Balbirnie, Fife, and a review of its place in the overall Balfarg/Balbirnie site sequence. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 140, 51–77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, A. 2013. The pottery. In Lock et al. 2013, 65–71Google Scholar
Greig, J. 2007. Priorities in Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age environmental archaeology in the West Midlands. In Garwood (ed.) 2007a, 39–50Google Scholar
Healey, E. 1982. The flintwork. In Britnell 1982, 173–183 Google Scholar
Henderson, J., Janaway, R.C. & Richards, J.R. 1987a. Cremation slag: a substance found in funerary urns. In A. Boddington, A.N. Garland & R.C. Janaway (eds), Death, Decay and Reconstruction: Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science, 81–100. Manchester: Manchester University Press Google Scholar
Henderson, J., Janaway, R. & Richards, J. 1987b. A curious clinker. Journal of Archaeological Science 14, 343–365 Google Scholar
Hind, D. 1998. Chert use in the Mesolithic of northern England. Assemblage 4 (http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/4/4hind.html). Accessed December 2013Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. & Brennand, M. 2006. Prehistoric period resource assessment. In M. Brennand (ed.), The Archaeology of North West England. An Archaeological Research Framework for North West England: Volume 1 Resource Assessment, 23–58. Archaeology North West 8(18)Google Scholar
Last, J. (ed.) 2007. Beyond the Grave. New Perspectives on Barrows. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Leah, M.D., Wells, C.E., Appleby, C. & Huckerby, E. 1997. The Wetlands of Cheshire. Lancaster: North West Wetlands Survey 4, Lancaster Imprints 5Google Scholar
Leah, M.D., Wells, C.E., Stamper, P., Huckerby, E. & Welch, C. 1998. The Wetlands of Shropshire and Staffordshire. Lancaster: North West Wetlands Survey 5, Lancaster Imprints 7Google Scholar
Lewis, S. 1993. Brenig 42. In Lynch 1993a, 47–51Google Scholar
Livett, E. 2011. Pollen analysis – round barrow 1 at Dingle Bank Farm, Lower Withington, Cheshire. In Wilson 2011, 12–4Google Scholar
Lock, G., Spicer, R. & Hollins, W. 2013. Excavations at King’s Low and Queen’s Low. Two Early Bronze Age Barrows in Tixall, North Staffordshire. Oxford: Archaeopress Google Scholar
Longley, D.M.T. 1987. Prehistory. In B.E. Harris & A.T. Thacker (eds), A History of the County of Chester, I, 36–114. The Victoria History of the Counties of England. London: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Longworth, I.H. 1984. Collared Urns of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Lovejoy, C.O. 1985. Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 47–56 Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 1993a. Excavations in the Brenig Valley: a Mesolithic and Bronze Age Landscape in North Wales. Bangor: Cambrian Archaeological Monograph 5 Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 1993b. Excavation account (Brenig 44). In Lynch 1993a, 117–34Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 1993c. Appendix 10. Radiocarbon dates. In Lynch 1993a, 213–19Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 1993d. Burial customs. In Lynch 1993a, 149 & 152Google Scholar
Lynch, F. & Waddell, J. 1993. Discussion of the stake circle barrows. In Lynch 1993a, 76–85Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 2000. The later Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age. In F. Lynch, S. Aldhouse-Green & J.L. Davies, Prehistoric Wales, 79–138. Stroud: Sutton Google Scholar
Marshall, A. 2011. Experimental Archaeology: 1. Early Bronze Age Cremation Pyres. 2. Iron Age Grain Storage. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 530 Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 1994. Bone fragment size in British cremation burials and its implications for pyre technology and ritual. Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 339–342 Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 1997. Bronze Age ‘barrows’ and funerary rites and rituals of cremation. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 129–145 Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 2000. The analysis of cremated bone. In Cox & Mays (eds) 2000, 403–21Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 2004. Compiling a skeletal inventory: cremated human bone. In M. Brickley & J.I. McKinley (eds), Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains, 9–13. British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, & the Institute of Field Archaeologists Paper 7 Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 2006. Cremation … the cheap option? In R. Gowland & C. Knüsel (eds), Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, 81–88. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 2011a. The cremation burials. In Wilson 2011, 9–12Google Scholar
McKinley, J.I. 2011b. The cremation burials. In Wilson 2011, 70–3Google Scholar
McNeil, R. 1982a. Burial mound (Church Lawton North). Cheshire Archaeological Bulletin 8, 46–47 Google Scholar
McNeil, R. 1982b. Burial mound (Church Lawton South). Cheshire Archaeological Bulletin 8, 47–49 Google Scholar
Megaw, J.V.S. & Simpson, D.D.A. 1979. Introduction to British Prehistory. Leicester: Leicester University Press Google Scholar
Mellars, P. 1976. Settlement patterns and industrial variability in the British Mesolithic. In G. de G. Seiveking, I.H. Longworth & K.E. Wilson (eds), Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, 137–153. London: Duckworth Google Scholar
Mullin, D. 2001. Remembering, forgetting and the invention of tradition: burial and natural places in the English Early Bronze Age. Antiquity 75, 533–537 Google Scholar
Mullin, D. 2003. The Bronze Age Landscape of the Northern English Midlands. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 351 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullin, D. 2007. ‘A bit close for comfort’: Early Bronze Age burial in the Cheshire Basin. In Last (ed.) 2007, 83–90Google Scholar
Myers, A.M. 2000. Shaw Cairn, Mellor Moor Excavations. Report on the Lithic Assemblage. In V. Mellor, Shaw Cairn, Mellor Moor: report on the excavations, 1976–1988. Unpublished Report, Greater Manchester Archaeology UnitGoogle Scholar
Needham, S. 2012. Putting capes into context: Mold at the heart of a domain. In W.J. Britnell & R.J. Silvester (eds), Reflections on the Past. Essays in honour of Frances Lynch, 210–236. Welshpool: Cambrian Archaeological Association Google Scholar
Needham, S. forthcoming. Material and Spiritual Engagements: Britain and Ireland in the First Age of Metal. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Ordnance Survey 1876. Cheshire Sheet 57.8. Staffordshire Sheet 6.15 (part of). County Series. Scale. 1:2500. Area surveyed in 1873 & 1875Google Scholar
Ortner, D. 2003. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, M. 2005. Duma na nGiall: The Mound of the Hostages, Tara. Dublin: University College, School of Archaeology Google Scholar
Ritchie, J.N.G. 1974. Excavation of the stone circle and cairn at Balbirnie, Fife. Archaeological Journal 131, 1–32 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, F.E.S. 1966. The battle-axe series in Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 32, 199–245 Google Scholar
Roe, F.E.S. 1979. Typology of stone implements with shaftholes. In T.H. McK Clough & W.A. Cummins (eds), Stone Axe Studies. Archaeological, Petrological, Experimental and Ethnographic, 23–48. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 23 Google Scholar
Rowley, G. 1975. Excavation of a circle at New Farm, Henbury. Transactions of the Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society 78, 78–80 Google Scholar
Rowley, G. 1977. The excavation of a barrow at Woodhouse End, Gawsworth, near Macclesfield. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 60, 1–34 Google Scholar
Schaefer, M., Black, S. & Scheuer, L. 2009. Juvenile Osteology: a Laboratory and Field Manual. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Scheuer, L. & Black, S.M. 2000a. Developmental Juvenile Osteology. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Scheuer, L. & Black, S.M. 2000b. Development and ageing of juvenile skeletons. In Cox & Mays (eds) 2000, 2–22Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2007a. Appendix 2: The battle axeheads from Cairnderry and Bargrennan. In Cummings & Fowler 2007, 108–11Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2007b. Dating the Scottish Bronze Age: ‘There is clearly much that the material can still tell us’. In C. Burgess, P. Topping & F. Lynch (eds), Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in Honour of Colin Burgess, 162–185. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Shimwell, D.W. 2007. Appendix D. The palaeoenvironmental analysis. In Garner 2007, 152–6Google Scholar
Symes, S.A., Rainwater, C.W., Chapman, E.N., Desina, B.A., Gipson, R. & Piper, A.L. 2008. Patterned thermal destruction of human remains in a forensic setting. In C.W. Schmdit & S.A. Symes (eds), The Analysis of Burned Human Remains, 15–54. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Tomlinson. 1882. “Barrows” in Cheshire. Notes & Queries. Reprinted from the Stockport Advertiser, April 1881Google Scholar
Tomlinson, P. 1990. Pollen analysis. In Freke & Holgate 1990, 23–5Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D.H. 2009. The forensic evaluation of burned skeletal remains: a synthesis. Forensic Science International 183(1–3), 1–5 Google Scholar
Vine, P.M. 1982. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of the Middle and Upper Trent Basin. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 105 Google Scholar
Vyner, B. 2013. Report on finds from Seven Lows barrow cemetery, Delamere, Cheshire. Unpublished report, Blaise Vyner ConsultancyGoogle Scholar
Waddell, J. 1993. Brenig 40. In Lynch 1993a, 58–65Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 1995. The Cordoned Urn tradition. In I. Kinnes & G. Varndell (eds), Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape. Essays on British and Irish Pottery for Ian Longworth, 113–122. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 55 Google Scholar
Waldron, T. 2009. Palaeopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Walker, A.J., Keysor, R.S. & Otlet, R.L. 1988. Harwell radiocarbon measurements VII. Radiocarbon 30(3), 319–340 Google Scholar
Walker, P.L, Miller, K. & Richman, R. 2008. Time, temperature, and oxygen availability: an experimental study of the effects of environmental conditions on the colour and organic content of cremated bone. In C.W. Schmidt & S. Symes (eds), The Analysis of Burned Human Remains, 129–136. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Walsh, S. 2013. Identity as Process: an archaeological and osteological study of Early Bronze Age burials in northern England. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Central Lancashire, PrestonGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. 2011. The Excavation of Five Early Bronze Age Burial Sites in South East Cheshire. Privately published by D. WilsonGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A. 2007. Ceremonial landscapes and ritual deposits in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age periods in the West Midlands. In Garwood (ed.) 2007a, 182–93Google Scholar
Woodward, A. & Hunter, J. in press. Ritual in Early Bronze Age Grave Goods. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar