Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T12:58:31.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Fire Burn and Cauldron Bubble’: Iron Age and Early Roman Cauldrons of Britain and Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2014

Jody Joy
Jody Joy*
Affiliation:
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

‘A man can live to 50 but a cauldron will live to 100’ – Old Kazakh saying

This paper presents a re-examination of Iron Age and early Roman cauldrons, a little studied but important artefact class that have not been considered as a group since the unpublished study of Loughran of 1989. Cauldrons are categorised into two broad types (projecting-bellied and globular) and four groups. New dating evidence is presented, pushing the dating of these cauldrons back to the 4th century bc. A long held belief that cauldrons are largely absent from Britain and Ireland between 600 and 200 bc is also challenged through this re-dating and the identification of cauldrons dating from 600–400 bc. Detailed examination of the technology of manufacture and physical evidence of use and repair indicates that cauldrons are technically accomplished objects requiring great skill to make. Many have been extensively repaired, showing they were in use for some time. It is argued that owing to their large capacity cauldrons were not used every day but were instead used at large social gatherings, specifically at feasts. The social role of feasting is explored and it is argued that cauldrons derive much of their significance from their use at feasts, making them socially powerful objects, likely to be selected for special deposition.

Résumé

‘Feu, brûle; et, chaudron, bouillonne’: Chaudrons de l’âge du fer et du début de la période romaine en Grande-Bretagne et Irlande, de Jody Joy

Cet article présente un nouvel examen des chaudrons de l’âge du fer et du début de la période romaine, une classe d’artefacts peu étudiée mais néanmoins importante qui n’a plus été considérée comme un groupe depuis l’étude non publiée de Loughran en 1989. Les chaudrons sont classés en deux grands types (avec panse saillante et globulaire) et quatre groupes. Nous présentons de nouveaux témoignages de datation, repoussant la date de ces chaudrons au IVe siècle av.J.-C. Nous remettons aussi en question une vieille croyance que les chaudrons étaient en grande partie absents de la Grande-Bretagne et de l’Irlande entre 600 et 200 av.J.-C.grâce à cette nouvelle datation et à l’identification de chaudrons datant d’entre 600 et 400 av.J.-C. Un examen détaillé de la technique de fabrication et des preuves physiques d’usage et de réparations indiquent que les chaudrons étaient des objets techniquement accomplis dont la fabrication nécessitait une grande habileté. Beaucoup avaient subi de nombreuses réparations, ce qui montre qu’ils avaient été utilisés pendant un certain temps. Nous argumentons qu’en raison de leur grande capacité, ces chaudrons ne servaient pas tous les jours mais étaient au contraire utilisés à l’occasion de grands rassemblements sociaux, spécialement à des banquets. Nous explorons le rôle du banquet dans la société et nous argumentons qu’une grande partie de l’importance des chaudrons vient de leur usage à ces banquets, ce qui en fait des objets socialement puissants, susceptibles d’être choisis pour des dépôts particuliers.

Zussamenfassung

„Kessel brodelt, Feuer zischt”: Eisenzeitliche und frührömische Kessel Großbritanniens und Irlands, von Jody Joy

Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Neuuntersuchung eisenzeitlicher und frührömischer Kessel vor, die eine selten untersuchte, aber wichtige Artefaktklasse sind, die seit der unpublizierten Arbeit von Loughran (1989) nicht wieder besprochen wurde. Kessel können in zwei generelle Typen– mit vorstehendem Bauch und kugelige – und in vier Gruppen unterschieden werden. Neue Datierungen werden vorgelegt, die diese Kessel bis ins 4. Jh. v. Chr. zurückdatieren. Auch die langlebige Annahme, dass Kessel zwischen 600 und 200 v. Chr. in Großbritannien und Irland weitgehend fehlen, wird mithilfe dieser Neudatierungen und der Identifikation von Kesseln in Frage gestellt, die zwischen 600 und 400 v. Chr. datiert werden. Die detaillierte Untersuchung der Technologie ihrer Herstellung und der Spuren von Gebrauch und Reparaturen deuten an, dass Kessel technisch ausgefeilte Objekte sind, deren Herstellung große Fertigkeiten erfordert. Viele sind extensiv repariert worden, was zeigt, dass sie für einige Zeit in Gebrauch waren. Es wird argumentiert, dass Kessel aufgrund ihres großen Fassungsvermögens nicht alltäglich benutzt wurden, sondern stattdessen großen sozialen Zusammenkünften vorbehalten waren, insbesondere Festen. Die soziale Rolle von Feasting wird diskutiert und es wird argumentiert, dass Kessel viel von ihrer Bedeutung durch ihren Gebrauch bei Festen erlangten, was sie zu sozial einflussreichen Objekten machte, für die die Wahrscheinlichkeit hoch war für spezielle Deponierungspraktiken ausgewählt zu werden.

Resumen

‘Fuego, quemar; caldero, bullir’: calderos de la Edad del Hierro e inicios de época romana en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda, por Jody Joy

Este artículo presenta un nuevo examen de los calderos de la Edad del Hierro e inicios de época romana, una clase de artefacto poco estudiado pero importante que no ha sido considerado como grupo desde el estudio inédito de Loughran in 1989. Los calderos se clasifican en dos tipos generales (de panza prominente y globulares) y en cuatro grupos. Se presentan nuevas evidencias sobre su datación, retrotrayendo la fecha de estos calderos al siglo IV BC. También La creencia de que estos calderos generalmente están ausentes en Inglaterra e Irlanda entre el 600 y el 200 bc es cuestionada por las nuevas dataciones y por la identificación de calderos datados entre el 600 y el 400 bc. Un examen detallado de la tecnología de manufactura y la evidencia física de su uso y reparación indica que los calderos eran objetos técnicamente complejos cuya elaboración requería una gran destreza. Muchos de ellos han sido intensamente reparados, reflejando que fueron usados durante cierto tiempo. Esto permite sostener que, debido a su gran capacidad, el uso de los calderos no era cotidiano sino destinado a las reuniones sociales, concretamente a los festines. Se explora el papel social de estos festines y se plantea que el significado de los calderos deriva de su empleo en ellos, convirtiéndolos en objetos socialmente poderosos, lo que probablemente les hace seleccionables para depósitos especiales.

Keywords

CauldrontypologyIron AgeBritainIrelandcopper alloyironfeasting
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 80 , December 2014 , pp. 327 - 362
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, J. 1884–5. Notice of a bronze cauldron found with several small kegs of butter in a moss near Kyleakin in Skye: with notes of other cauldrons of bronze found in Scotland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 19, 309–315 Google Scholar
Anderson, R.S.G. 1938. A bronze bowl from the Rhinns of Galloway. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 72, 137–142 Google Scholar
Anon. 1866–8. Donations to the Library and Museum. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 7, 7–10 Google Scholar
Anon. 1889–90. Purchases for the Museum. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 24, 6–17 Google Scholar
Anon. 1924. Catalogue of Well-known Collection of Prehistoric Antiquities, etc. Chiefly from Ireland Formed by W.J. Knowles. London: Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge Google Scholar
Armada, X.-L. 2008. ¿Carne, drogas o alcohol? Calderos y banquetes en el Bronce Final de la Península Ibérica. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arquelogía de la Universidad de Granada 18, 125–162 Google Scholar
Armada, X.-L. 2011. Feasting metals and the ideology of power in the Late Bronze Age of Atlantic Iberia. In G.A. Jiménez, S. Montón-Subias, & M.S. Romero, (eds), Guess who’s Coming to Dinner: feasting rituals in the prehistoric societies of Europe and the Near East, 158–183. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Armstrong, E.C.R. 1923. The La Tène period in Ireland. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 53, 1–33 Google Scholar
Arnold, B. 1999. ‘Drinking the feast’: alcohol and the legitimation of power in Celtic Europe. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9(1), 71–93 Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C., Freeman, P.W.M. & Woodward, A. 2000. Cadbury Castle, Somerset: the later prehistoric and early historic archaeology. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 20Google Scholar
Bataille, G. 2008. Les Celtes: des mobiliers aux cultes. Dijon: Èditions Univeritaires de Dijon Google Scholar
Biel, J. 1987. Hochdorf. In J.-P. Mohen (ed.), Tresors de Princes Celtes, 95–188. Paris: Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux Google Scholar
Bochnak, T. 2011. Kierunki napływu celtyckich kotłów z żelaznym brzegiem jako odbicie oddziaływań latenizacyjnych w kulturze oksywskiej. Między Kulturą Pomorską a Kulturą Oksywską-Przemiany Kulturowe w Okresie, Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku, 57–77 Google Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1961. Roman antiquities at Welshpool. Antiquaries Journal 41, 13–31 Google Scholar
Bowman, S. & Needham, S. 2007. The Dunaverney and Little Thetford flesh-hooks: history, technology and their position within the later Bronze Age Atlantic zone feasting complex. Antiquaries Journal 87, 53–108 Google Scholar
Bray, T.L. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, C.S. 1987. Buckets and cauldrons in the late Bronze Age of northwest Europe: a review. In J.C. Blanchet (ed.), Les relations entre le Continent et les Iles Britanniques à l’Âge du Bronze. Actes du colloque de Bronze de Lille dans le cadre du 22ème Congrés préhistorique de France, 2–7 septembre 1984, 161–187. Amiens: Supplément a la Revue archéologique de Picardie Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. & Lee, S. 2013. Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon 55(2–3), 720–730 Google Scholar
Bulleid, A. & Gray, H. St George. 1953. Meare Lake Village, a Full Description of the Excavations and the Relics from the Eastern Half of the West Village, 1910–1933, Vol. II. Taunton: Taunton Castle Google Scholar
Burns, J.E. 1969. A bronze cauldron of the Iron Age from Elvanfoot, Lanarkshire. Glasgow Archaeological Journal 1, 29–34 Google Scholar
Clarke, R.R. 1939. The Iron Age in Norfolk and Suffolk. Archaeology Journal 96, 1–113 Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1988. Mount Batten, Plymouth: a prehistoric and Roman port. Oxford: Oxford Committee for Archaeology Monograph 26 Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2005. Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century bc until the Roman conquest (4 edn). London: Routledge Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. & Poole, C. 1991. Danebury: an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire. Volume 5: the excavations 1979–1988, the finds. London: Council for British Archaeology Report 73Google Scholar
Cunnington, M.E. 1920. Notes on objects from an inhabited site on the Worm’s Head, Glamorgan. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 20 (series 6), 251–256 Google Scholar
Curle, J. 1931–2. An inventory of objects of Roman and provincial Roman origin found on sites in Scotland not definitely associated with Roman constructions. Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 66, 277–397 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Déchelette, J. 1914. Manuel d’archéologie Celtique ou protohistorique: Troisième partie second age du fer ou époque de La Tène. Paris: Auguste Picard Google Scholar
DES. 1992. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland. Edinburgh: Council for Scottish Archaeology Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 1996. Feasts and commensal politics in the political economy: food, power and status in prehistoric Europe. In Wiessner & Schiefenhövel (eds), 1996, 87–125Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of consumption, commensal politics, and power in African contexts. In Dietler & Hayden (eds), 2001, 65–114Google Scholar
Dietler, M. & Hayden, B. (eds). 2001. Feasts: archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics and power. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press Google Scholar
Dryden, H. 1845. Roman and Roman British Remains, at and near Shefford, Co. Beds. Cambridge: Cambridge Antiquaries Society Publications Google Scholar
Earwood, C. 1991. Two early historic bog butter containers. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland 121, 231–240 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earwood, C. 1993. Domestic Wooden Artefacts in Britain and Ireland from Neolithic to Viking Times. Exeter: University of Exeter Press Google Scholar
Eggers, H.J. 1951. Der Römische import im Freien Germanien. Hamburg: Hamburg Museum Für Völkerkunde und Vorgeschichte Google Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1890. On a late Celtic urnfield at Aylesford, Kent. Archaeologia 52, 325–388 Google Scholar
Fasham, P.J., Farwell, D.E. & Whinney, R.J.B. 1989. The Archaeological Site at Easton Lane, Winchester. Winchester: Hampshire Field Club Monograph 6 Google Scholar
Feacham, R.W. 1965. The North Britons: the prehistory of a border people. London: Hutchinson Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A. 2009. The Champion’s Portion: feasting in the Celtic pre-Roman Iron Age. In G. Cooney, K. Becker, J. Coles, M. Ryan, & S. Sievers (eds), Relics of Old Decency: archaeological studies in later prehistory, 389–404. Dublin: Wordwell Google Scholar
Forsyth, J.F. 1964. Some notes on the bronze cauldron recovered from Loch Gamhna, Inverness-shire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 97, 249–251 Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1923. The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1946. A Find of the Early Iron Age from Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Garrow, D., Gosden, C., Hill, J.D. & Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Dating Celtic art: a major radiocarbon dating programme of Iron Age and early Roman metalwork in Britain. Archaeology Journal 166, 79–123 Google Scholar
Gerloff, S. 1986. Bronze Age Class A cauldrons: typology, origins and chronology. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries Ireland 116, 84–115 Google Scholar
Gerloff, S. 2010. Atlantic Cauldrons and Buckets of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Western Europe: with a review of comparable vessels from Central Europe and Italy. Mainz: Prähistorische Bronzefunde Abteilung II, Band 18 Google Scholar
Ginoux, N.-C. 2009. Elites guerrières au nord de la Seine au début du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. La nécropole celtique du Plessis-Gassot (Val-d’Oise). Lille: Revue du Nord. Hors série. Collection Art et Archéologie N° 15, Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3 Google Scholar
Goody, J. 1982. Cooking, Cuisine and Class: a study in comparative sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Gosden, C. & Garrow, D. 2012. Technologies of Enchantment? Exploring Celtic Art: 400 bc to ad 100. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Green, M.J. 1998. Vessels of death: sacred cauldrons in archaeology and myth. Antiquaries Journal 78, 63–84 Google Scholar
Gregory, T. 1978. A bronze bowl from Upwell. Norfolk Archaeology 37(1), 134 Google Scholar
Gregory, T. 1991. Excavations in Thetford 1980–1982, Fison Way. Volume 1. Dereham: East Anglian Archaeology 53 Google Scholar
Gresham, C.A. 1939. Spetisbury Rings, Dorset. Archaeological Journal 96, 114–131 Google Scholar
Griffiths, W.E. 1948. Topographical list of Roman remains found in north Wales. Bulletin Board of Celtic Studies 12, 120 Google Scholar
Guilbert, G. 1979. Dinorben 1977–8. Current Archaeology 65, 182–188 Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2007. Silent Silures? Locating people and places in the Iron Age of South Wales. In C. Haselgrove, & T. Moore (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 297–328. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. forthcoming. The dating of the Welshpool grave assemblage: radiocarbon dating evidence and review. Montgomeryshire Collections 102 Google Scholar
Hatley, A.R. 1933. Early Days in the Walthamstow District. Walthamstow: Walthamstow Antiquarian Society Official Publication 28 Google Scholar
Hawkes, C.F.C. 1951. Bronze-workers, cauldrons and bucket-animals in Iron Age and Roman Britain. In W.F. Grimes (ed.), Aspects of Archaeology in Britain and Beyond. Essays Presented to O.G.S. Crawford, 172–199. London: H.W. Edwards Google Scholar
Hawkes, C.F.C. & Smith, M.A. 1957. On some buckets and cauldrons of the bronze and early Iron Ages. Antiquaries Journal 37, 131–198 Google Scholar
Hayden, B. 2001. Fabulous feasts: a prolegomenon to the importance of feasting. In Dietler & Hayden (eds), 2001, 23–64Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 1997. Iron Age hoarding in Scotland and northern England. In A. Gwilt & C. Haselgrove (eds), Re-constructing Iron Age Societies, 108–134. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 71 Google Scholar
Jackson, R. 1990. Camerton: the late Iron Age and early Roman metalwork. London: British Museum Press Google Scholar
Jacobi, J. 1974. Die Ausgrabungen in Manching 5: Werkzeuge und Gerät aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Google Scholar
Jacobsthal, P. 1969. Early Celtic Art (2 edn). Oxford: Clarendon Press Google Scholar
Joy, J. 2008. Reflections on Celtic art: a re-examination of mirror decoration. In D. Garrow, C. Gosden, & J.D. Hill (eds), Rethinking Celtic Art, 78–99. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Joy, J. 2011. ‘Fancy objects’ in the British Iron Age: why decorate? Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77, 205–229 Google Scholar
Joy, J. & Baldwin, A. forthcoming. The Bubbling Cauldron: the Iron Age cauldrons from Chiseldon, Wiltshire. London: British Museum Press Google Scholar
Klindt-Jensen, O. 1953. Bronzekedelen fra Brå. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press Google Scholar
Lambrick, G. & Allen, T. 2004. Gravelly Guy, Stanton Harcourt: the development of a prehistoric and Romano-British community. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 21 Google Scholar
Leeds, E.T. 1930. A bronze cauldron from the River Cherwell, Oxfordshire, with notes on cauldrons and other bronze vessels of allied types. Archaeologia 80, 1–36 Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1968. L’Origine des Manieres de Table. Paris: Plon Google Scholar
Loughran, A. 1989. Iron Age Cauldrons in Northwest Europe. Unpublished MA Thesis, National University of Ireland, DublinGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, P. 2007. Llyn Cerrig Bach: a study of the copper alloy artefacts from the insular La Tène assemblage. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Google Scholar
Macgregor, M. 1976. Early Celtic Art in North Britain: a study of decorative metalwork from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D. Leicester: Leicester University Press Google Scholar
Maguer, P., Cherel, A.F. & Auxiette, G. 2003. Nouvelles données sur les habitats de l’Age du Fer dans le nord de la Sarthe (commune de Vivoin, autoroute A28). In B. Mandy & A. de Saulce (eds), Les marges de l’Armorique à l’âge du Fer: archéologie et histoire: culture materielle et sources écrites. XXIII colloque de l’, Nantes, 13–16 mai 1999, 213–234. Rennes: Revue Archéologique de l’Ouest 10 Google Scholar
Manning, W.H. 1972. Ironwork Hoards in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Britannia 3, 224–250 Google Scholar
Manning, W.H. 1983. The cauldron chains of Iron Age and Roman Britain. In B. Hartley, & J. Wacher (eds), Rome and her Northern Provinces, 132–154. Gloucester: Alan Sutton Google Scholar
Maryon, H. 1938. The technical methods of the Irish smiths in the Bronze and early Iron Ages. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 44, 181–228 Google Scholar
Maryon, H. 1949. Metalworking in the ancient world. American Journal of Archaeology 53, 93–125 Google Scholar
Mattison, W.K. & Palmer, L.S. 1937. Note on a bronze cauldron from Craven in Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 3, 164–165 Google Scholar
McEvoy, E. 1854–5. Urlingford: a magnificent specimen of the antique bronze cauldrons which seem to be peculiar to Ireland: and a St. Patrick’s half-penny. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 3, 131–132 Google Scholar
Mortensen, P. 1991. The Brå cauldron. In S. Moscati, O.H. Frey, B. Raftery, & M. Szabó (eds), The Celts, 375. New York: Rizzoli Google Scholar
Moss-Eccardt, J. 1965. An iron cauldron-rim from Letchworth, Herts. Antiquaries Journal 95, 173–177 Google Scholar
Moss-Eccardt, J. 1988. Archaeological investigations in the Letchworth area, 1958–1974: Blackhorse Road, Letchworth; Norton Road, Baldock; Wilbury Hill, Letchworth. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquaries Society 77, 35–103 Google Scholar
Needham, S. & Bowman, S. 2005. Flesh-hooks, technological complexity and the Atlantic Bronze Age feasting complex. European Journal of Archaeology 8(2), 93–136 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, W.W.H. 1852. Discovery of bronze vessels. &c, at Cockburnspath, Berwickshire. Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 1, 43–44 Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1952–3. Three metal-work hoards of the Roman period from Southern Scotland. Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 87, 1–50 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piggott, S. 1970. Early Celtic Art. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Google Scholar
Poux, M. 2004. L’Âge du Vin: Rites de boisson, festins et libations en Gaule indépendante. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil. Protohistoire Européenne 8Google Scholar
Prüssing, G. 1991. Die bronzefäße in Österreich. Stuttgart: Prähistorische Bronzefunde Abteilung II, Band 5Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1980. Iron Age cauldrons in Ireland. Archaeologia Atlantica 3, 57–80 Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1983. A Catalogue of Irish Iron Age Antiquities. Marburg: Veröffentlinchung Des Vergeschichtlichen Seminars – Sonderband 1 Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1984. La Tène in Ireland: problems of origin and chronology. Marburg: Veröffentlinchung Des Vergeschichtlichen Seminars – Sonderband 2 Google Scholar
Raftery, J. 1963. National Museum of Ireland archaeological acquisitions for the year 1961. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 93, 115–133 Google Scholar
Ralph, S. 2007. Feasting and Social Complexity in Later Iron Age East Anglia. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 451Google Scholar
Redknap, M. (ed.). 2011. Discovered in Time: treasures from early Wales. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Books Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hattž, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M. & Plicht, J. van der 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal. bp . Radiocarbon 55(4), 1869–1887 Google Scholar
Ross, A. 1967. Pagan Celtic Britain: studies in iconography and tradition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Google Scholar
Rynne, E. 1960. A bronze cauldron from Ballyedmond, Co. Galway. Journal of the Galway Archaeological & Historical Society 29(1–2), 1–2 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1966. A find from early Iron Age metalwork from the Lesser Garth, Pentyrch (Glam.). Archaeologia Cambrensis 115, 27–44 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1976. Guide Catalogue of the Early Iron Age Collections. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Sealey, P.R. 1999. Finds from the cauldron pit. In O. Bedwin (ed.), The Archaeology of Ardleigh, Essex. Excavations 1955–1980, 117–124. Chelmsford: East Anglian Archaeology Report Google Scholar
Sealey, P.R. 2007. A Late Iron Age Warrior Burial from Kelvedon, Essex. Colchester: East Anglian Archaeology 118 Google Scholar
Sealey, P.R. 2009. New light on the wine trade in Julio-Claudian Britain. Britannia 40, 1–40 Google Scholar
Sharples, N.M. 1991. Maiden Castle: excavations and field survey 1985–6. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 19 Google Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1906–7. The timekeepers of the ancient Britons. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, London (2 ser.) 21, 319–33Google Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1909. A hoard of metal found at Santon Downham, Suffolk. Proceedings of Cambridge Antiquarian Society 13, 146–163 Google Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1914–15. A series of thin bronze vessels including water-clocks of the Early Iron Age, discovered at Wotton, Surrey. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, London (2nd ser.) 27, 76–95Google Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1925. Guide to Early Iron Age Antiquities (2nd edn). London: British Museum Google Scholar
Spratling, M.G. 1971. Further comments on the Iron Age cauldron from Elvanfoot, Lanarkshire. Glasgow Archaeological Journal 2, 111–112 Google Scholar
Spratling, M.G. 1972. Southern British Decorated Bronzes of the Late pre-Roman Iron Age. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of LondonGoogle Scholar
Spratling, M.G. 1975. Fragments of a lorica segmentata in the hoard from Santon, Norfolk. Britannia 6, 206–207 Google Scholar
Spratling, M.G. 2009 [1966]. The Santon Hoard Reconsidered: a rich burial of the mid-first century AD from Norfolk. Unpublished B.A. dissertation, University of Cardiff Google Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1971. The reconstruction of Iron Age buckets from Aylesford and Baldock. British Museum Quarterly 35, 250–282 Google Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1996. Celtic Art in Britain Before the Roman Conquest (2nd ed.). London: British Museum Press Google Scholar
Stead, I.M. & Rigby, V. 1986. Baldock: the excavation of a Roman and pre-Roman settlement, 1968–72. London: Britannia Monograph Series 7 Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 2005. Conderton Camp, Worcestershire: A small middle Iron Age hillfort on Bredon Hill. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 143 Google Scholar
Tylecote, R.F. 1962. Metallurgy in Archaeology. A Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles. London: Edward Arnold Google Scholar
Verger, S. 1997. L’Incinération en urne métallique: un indicateur des contacts aristocratiques transalpins. In P. Brun, & B. Chaume (eds), Vix et les éphémères principautés celtiques. Les VI et V siècles avant J.-C. en Europe cerre-occidentale, 223–238. Paris: Editions Errance Google Scholar
Vouga, P. 1923. La Tène: monographie de la station publiée au nom de la commission des fouilles de La Tène. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann Google Scholar
Watkin, J., Stead, I., Hook, D. & Palmer, S. 1996. A decorated shield-boss from the River Trent, near Ratcliffe-on-Soar. Antiquaries Journal 76, 17–30 Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. & Schiefenhövel, W. (eds). 1996. Food and the Status Quest, Interdisciplinary Perspective. Providence: Berghahn Google Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943. Maiden Castle, Dorset. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar