Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T17:02:04.187Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Filling the Gaps: The Iron Age in Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2017

Oliver Davis
Oliver Davis*
Affiliation:
1School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Over the last 20 years interpretive approaches within Iron Age studies in Britain have moved from the national to the regional. This was an important development which challenged the notion that a unified, British, Iron Age ever existed. However, whilst this approach has allowed regional histories to be told in their own right, there has been far too much focus on ‘key’ areas such as Wessex and Yorkshire. Our knowledge of the ‘gaps’ in-between these regions is uneven across the country and seriously distorts our understanding of the period. This situation is particularly acute in Wales where there is a paucity of very large material and structural assemblages. As with many ‘in-between’ areas, developer-funded archaeology has increased the baseline dataset, although the interpretations of those data have not developed in parallel. This paper will demonstrate that, to more fully understand the integrated regional composition of Iron Age Britain, we must give detailed consideration to the evidence from these ‘gaps’. By bringing together for the first time all of the available aerial photographic, chronological, faunal, palaeobotanical, and excavated data in one of these ‘gap’ areas, southern Glamorgan, this paper will show that through the careful analysis of the available evidence we are able to gain an understanding of different areas’ distinctive regional characters and move beyond our over-reliance on a small number of key regions.

Résumé

Comblerl les vides: L’âge du fer à Cardiff et dans la vallée de Glamorgan, de Oliver Davis

Au cours des 20 dernières années des approches interprétatives à l’intérieur des études de l’âge du fer en Grande-Bretagne sont passées du national au régional. Ce fut un important changement qui défia la notion qu’un âge du fer britannique unifié avait jamais existé. Cependant, tandis que cette approche a permis de raconter les histoires régionales de leur plein droit, on s’est beaucoup trop concentré sur des zones ‘clés’ telles que le Wessex et le Yorkshire. Notre connaissance des ‘vides’ entre ces régions est inégale à travers le pays et altère sérieusement notre compréhension de la période. Cette situation est particulièrement aiguë au Pays de Galles où les très grands assemblages matériaux et structuraux sont rares. Comme pour beaucoup de zones intermédiaires, bien que l’archéologie financée par les promoteurs a augmenté leur ensemble de données de base, l’interprétation de ces données ne s’est pas développée en parallèle. Cet article démontrera que pour comprendre plus pleinement la composition intégrée régionale de l’âge du fer britannique nous devons accorder une attention détaillée aux témoignages de ces ‘vides’. En réunissant pour la première fois toutes les données disponibles photographiques aériennes,chronologiques, faunales, paléobotaniques et excavées dans une de ces zones ‘vides’, le sud du Glamorgan, cet article montrera que grâce à l’analyse approfondie des témoignages disponibles nous pouvons parvenir à une compréhension des caractéristiques régionales distinctives des diverses zones et aller au delà de notre confiance excessive en un petit nombre de régions clés.

Zusammenfassung

Lücken füllen: Die Eisenzeit in Cardiff und im Vale of Glamorgan, von Oliver Davis

In den letzten 20 Jahren haben sich die Interpretationsansätze in der Eisenzeitforschung in Großbritannien von der nationalen zur regionalen Ebene verlagert. Dies war eine wichtige Entwicklung, die die Vorstellung infrage stellte, dass jemals eine einheitliche, britische Eisenzeit existierte. Während diese Neuausrichtung zwar ermöglichte, regionale Geschichte gemäß ihrem jeweils eigenen Recht zu erzählen, fokussierte man jedoch zu sehr auf „Schlüsselregionen“ wie Wessex und Yorkshire. Unser Wissensstand zu den „Lücken“ zwischen diesen Regionen ist uneinheitlich, was unser Verständnis dieser Epoche ernstlich verfälscht. Diese Situation ist in Wales besonders akut, wo es eine Armut an großen Materialensembles gibt. Auch wenn, wie in vielen anderen „Zwischengebieten“, der grundlegende Datenbestand durch Infrastrukturmaßnahmen begleitende Grabungen vergrößert wurde, hat sich die Interpretation dieser Daten nicht im gleichen Maße entwickelt. Dieser Beitrag demonstriert, dass eine detaillierte Erörterung der Daten aus diesen „Lücken“ notwendig ist, um die durchgängige regionale Zusammensetzung des eisenzeitlichen Großbritanniens umfassender zu verstehen. Durch die Zusammenführung aller verfügbaren Daten aus Luftbildern, chronologischen, archäozoologischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen sowie Grabungen aus einer dieser „Lücken“, dem südlichen Glamorgan, zeigt dieser Beitrag, dass wir durch die sorgfältige Analyse der verfügbaren Informationen in der Lage sind ein Verständnis der besonderen regionalen Charaktere verschiedener Region zu erlangen und uns aus der Abhängigkeit von einer kleinen Zahl von Schlüsselregionen zu befreien.

Resumen

Rellenando los huecos: la Edad del Hierro en Cardiff y en el valle de Glamorgan, por Oliver Davis.

En los últimos 20 años, las interpretaciones en los estudios sobre la Edad del Hierro en Gran Bretaña se han desplazado desde un marco nacional a otro más regional. Esto ha constituido un importante avance que cuestiona la existencia de una Edad del Hierro unitaria. Sin embargo, aunque este enfoque ha permitido el desarrollo de aproximaciones regionales por derecho propio, con diferencia la atención se ha centrado sobre todo en las zonas “clave” como Wessex y Yorkshire. Nuestro conocimiento tiene numerosas lagunas entre estas dos regiones y es desigual en todo el país, distorsionando nuestra interpretación del período. Esta situación es especialmente grave en Gales, donde hay una gran escasez de material y de conjuntos estructurales. Al igual que en otras áreas “intermedias”, pese a que la arqueología de gestión ha aumentado el volumen de datos disponibles, la correspondiente interpretación de éstos no ha tenido un desarrollo paralelo. Este artículo demostrará que para entender completamente la composición regional de la Edad del Hierro se debe tener en consideración el análisis detallado de estos “vacíos”. En este artículo, aunando por primera vez todos los datos disponibles de fotografía aérea, cronología, fauna, restos paleobotánicos y datos de excavación disponibles para una de estas zonas, el sur de Glamorgan, se demostrará que un análisis cuidadoso de la evidencia disponible permite lograr una comprensión de los caracteres regionales distintivos en cada una de las áreas, e ir más allá de nuestra excesiva dependencia de un pequeño número de regiones clave.

Keywords

hillfortsGlamorganIron Ageregionality
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 83 , December 2017 , pp. 325 - 356
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alcock, L. 1966. Dinas Powys: An Iron Age, Dark Age and Early Medieval settlement in Glamorgan. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Google Scholar
Barber, A., Cox, S. & Hancocks, A. 2006. A Late Iron Age and Roman farmstead at RAF St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan: Evaluation and excavation 2002–3. Archaeologia Cambrensis 155, 49–115 Google Scholar
Barker, L. & Driver, T. 2011. Close to the edge: New perspectives on the architecture, function and regional geographies of the coastal promontory forts of the Castlemartin Peninsula, South Pembrokeshire, Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77, 65–87 Google Scholar
Barker, P.P. & Mercer, E. 1999a. Geophysical survey carried out at Llanmihangel, Vale of Glamorgan, S. Wales. Unpublished report reference 1410, Site 3. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Barker, P.P. & Mercer, E. 1999d. Geophysical survey carried out at Nash Point, South Glamorgan, Wales. Unpublished report reference 1415, Site 2. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Barker, P.P. & Mercer, E. 1999e. Geophysical survey carried out at the Bulwarks, South Glamorgan, Wales. Unpublished report reference 1415, Site 3. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J.C., Bradley, R. & Green, M. 1991. Landscapes, Monuments and Society: The prehistory of Cranborne Chase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Bashford, L. & Hughes, G. 1998. Archaeological Excavations at Pencoedtre. Unpublished Report, project 532. Birmingham: Birmingham University Field Archaeology UnitGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, A., Whittle, A., Healy, F., Ray, K., Dorling, P., Lewis, R., Darvill, T., Wainwright, G. & Wysocki, M. 2011. The Marches, south Wales and the Isle of Mann. In A. Whittle, F. Healy & A. Bayliss (eds), Gathering Time: Dating the early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland, 521–561. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Bell, M. 2013. The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 172Google Scholar
Bell, M., Caseldine, A. & Neumann, H. 2000. Prehistoric Intertidal Archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 120Google Scholar
Bevan, B. 1999. Northern Exposure: Interpretive devolution and the Iron Ages in Britain. Leicester: Leicester Archaeology Monograph 4Google Scholar
Brett, M., McSloy, E.R. & Holbrook, N. 2009. A Roman enclosure at Crickhowell Road, Trowbridge, Cardiff: Evaluation and excavation 2005-6. Archaeologia Cambrensis 158, 131–166 Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2006. Fragmentation, personhood and the social construction of technology in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16(2), 297–315 Google Scholar
Buckley, D. 1993. Querns in a ritual context. Quern Study Group Newsletter 3, 2–5 Google Scholar
Caseldine, A. 2009. A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales, Version 2, Final paper: Palaeoenvironmental. CIfA WalesGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, places and broken objects in the prehistory of South Eastern Europe. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Collis, J. 1996. Across the great divide. In T.C. Champion & J. Collis (eds), The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent trends, 1–4. Sheffield: J. Collis Publications Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1974. Iron Age Communities in Britain: An account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest. 1st edition. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2010. Iron Age Communities in Britain: An account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest. 4th edition. Abingdon: Routledge Google Scholar
DAG (Defense Archaeology Group). 2013. Cadw and Communities Search for the Silures. Online: http://www.daguk.org/?p=372 Google Scholar
Davies, J. 1966. Caer Dynnaf, Llanbethian. Archaeology in Wales 6, 7 Google Scholar
Davies, J. 1967a. Caer Dynnaf, Llanblethian. Archaeology in Wales 7, 7 Google Scholar
Davies, J. 1967b. Excavations at Caer Dynnaf, Llanblethian 1965–1967. Morgannwg 11, 77–78 Google Scholar
Davies, J. 1973. An excavation at The Bulwarks, Porthkerry, Glamorgan 1968. Archaeologia Cambrensis 122, 85–98 Google Scholar
Davies, J. & Lynch, F. 2000. The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. In F. Lynch, S. Aldhouse-Green & J. Davies (eds), Prehistoric Wales, 139–219. Stroud: Sutton Google Scholar
Davies, M. 1955. Field patterns in the Vale of Glamorgan. Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society 84, 5–14 Google Scholar
Davies, T., Davis, O. & Seaman, A. 2015. The Eastern Vale of Glamorgan Palaeoenvironmental Resource Assessment Project: Summary report. Archaeology in Wales 54, 164–167 Google Scholar
Davis, O.P. 2013. Re-interpreting the Danebury assemblage: Houses, households and community. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79, 353–375 Google Scholar
Davis, O.P. 2015. From football stadium to Iron Age hillfort: Creating a taxonomy of Wessex hillfort communities. Archaeological Dialogues 22(1), 45–64 Google Scholar
Davis, O.P. & Sharples, N. 2014. Excavations at Caerau Hillfort, Cardiff, South Wales, 2013: An interim report. Cardiff: Cardiff Studies in Archaeology 34Google Scholar
Davis, O.P. & Sharples, N. 2015. Excavations at Caerau Hillfort, Cardiff, South Wales, 2014: An interim report. Cardiff: Cardiff Studies in Archaeology 35Google Scholar
Davis, O.P. & Sharples, N. 2016. Excavations at Caerau Hillfort, Cardiff, South Wales, 2015: An interim report. Cardiff: Cardiff Studies in Archaeology 36Google Scholar
Driver, T. 1995. New crop mark sites at Aberthaw, South Glamorgan. Archaeology in Wales 35, 3–9 Google Scholar
Driver, T. 2006. St. Donat’s deserted village. Archaeology in Wales 46, 151 Google Scholar
Driver, T. 2013. Architecture, Regional Identity and Power in the Iron Age Landscapes of mid Wales: The hillforts of north Ceredigion. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 583Google Scholar
Evans, E. 2001a. Romano-British southeast Wales settlement survey: Final report. Unpublished report no. 2001/023. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. 2001b. Romano-British southeast Wales settlement survey: Penmark and Porthkerry. Unpublished report no. 2001/020, Project no. GGAT 63. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. 2001c. Excavations at Castle Wood, Fonmon. In Evans 2001b, 161–164 Google Scholar
Evans, E., Gerrard, G. & Wiggins, H. 2006. Prehistoric defended enclosures in Glamorgan with recommendations for fieldwork: Year 3 report. Unpublished report no. 2006/089. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. & Swords, N. 2001. Excavations at Nurston. In Evans 2001b, 165–174 Google Scholar
Fasham, P.J., Farwell, D.E. & Whinney, R.J.B. 1989. The Archaeological Site at Easton Lane, Winchester. Gloucester: Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society Monograph 6Google Scholar
Faulkner, N. 2001. The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Ferrell, G. 1995. Space and society: New perspectives on the Iron Age of north-east England. In J.D. Hill & C.G. Cumberpatch (eds), Different Iron Ages: Studies on the Iron Age in temperate Europe, 129–48. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S602Google Scholar
Fowler, P. 1983. The Farming of Prehistoric Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Fowler, P. 2000. Landscape Plotted and Pieced: Landscape history and local archaeology in Fyfield and Overton, Wiltshire. London: Society of Antiquaries Research Report. 64Google Scholar
Fox, A. 1952. Hillslope forts and related earthworks classified. Archaeological Journal 109, 1–22 Google Scholar
Fox, A. & Thriepland, L.M. 1937. The Corrwg – a correction. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 9, 201 Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1932. The Personality of Britain: Its influence on inhabitant and invader in prehistoric and early historic times. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1937. Caer dynnaf, Llanblethian: A hillfort of Early Iron Age type in the Vale of Glamorgan. Archaeologia Cambrensis 91, 20–24 Google Scholar
Fox, C. & Fox, A. 1936. Early cultivation in Penlline and Llysworney parishes, Glamorgan. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 7, 84–85 Google Scholar
Gardner, W. 1935. The Bulwarks: A promontory fort at Porthkerry, Glamorganshire. Archaeologia Cambrensis 90, 135–140 Google Scholar
Giles, M. 2007. Good fences make good neighbours? Exploring the ladder enclosures of Late Iron Age east Yorkshire. In T. Moore & C. Haselgrove (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 235–249. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2003. Understanding the Iron Age: Towards an agenda for Wales. In S. Briggs (ed.), Towards a Research Agenda for Welsh Archaeology: Proceedings of the IFA Wales/Cymru Conference, Aberystwyth 2001. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 343Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2007. Silent Silures? Locating people and places in the south Wales Iron Age. In T. Moore & C. Haselgrove (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 297–328. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. & Lodwick, M. 2009a. The ‘champion’s portion’? Prehistoric feasting at Llanmaes. Current Archaeology 233, 29–35 Google Scholar
Gwilt, A. & Lodwick, M. 2009b. Recent fieldwork at Llanmaes, Vale of Glamorgan. Archaeology in Wales 48, 67–69 Google Scholar
Gwilt, A., Lodwick, M. & Deacon, J. 2006. Excavations at Llanmaes, Vale of Glamorgan, 2006. Archaeology in Wales 46, 42–48 Google Scholar
Heslop, D.H. 2008. A Corpus of Beehive Querns from Northern Yorkshire and Southern Durham. Yorkshire: Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 5Google Scholar
Higbee, L. 2006. Animal bone. In Barber et al. 2006, 49–115Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1995. The pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain and Ireland (ca. 800 bc to ad 100): An overview. Journal of World Prehistory 9, 47–98 Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 2012. How did Middle and Late Iron Age societies in Britain work (if they did)? In T. Moore & L. Armada (eds), Atlantic Europe in the First Millennium bc: Crossing the divide, 242–263. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Hodson, F.R. 1964. Cultural grouping within the British pre-Roman Iron Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30, 99–110 Google Scholar
Hogg, A.H.A. 1976. Castle Ditches, Llancarfan, Glamorgan. Archaeologia Cambrensis 125, 13–39 Google Scholar
Howell, J.K. 2000. Rhoose, ‘Bronze Site’ carpark, Cardiff International Airport. Archaeology in Wales 41, 127–129 Google Scholar
Howell, R. 2006. Searching for the Silures: An Iron Age tribe in south-east Wales. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Jarrett, M.G. & Wrathmell, S. 1981. Whitton: An Iron Age and Roman farmstead in South Glamorgan. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Google Scholar
Jones, J.R. 2013. Animal Bone from Llanmelin Hillfort, 2012 Excavations: Assessment. Unpublished assessment report for Cadw/Archaeology WalesGoogle Scholar
Jones, J.R. 2014. The animal bones. In Davis & Sharples 2014, 49–54Google Scholar
Kinnes, I.A. 1981. The animal bones. In Jarrett & Wrathmell 1981, 232–8Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. 2014. A model of decentralised political structure among the Silures. Studia Celtica 48, 3–54 Google Scholar
Lodwick, M. & Gwilt, A. 2007. Exploratory excavation of a later prehistoric and Romano-British enclosure at Llanmaes, Vale of Glamorgan. Archaeology in Wales 47, 78–82 Google Scholar
Madgwick, R. & Hodgkinson, P. 2015. The animal bones. In Davis & Sharples 2015, 66–72Google Scholar
Madgwick, R. & Mulville, J. 2015. Feasting on fore-limbs: Conspicuous consumption and identity in later prehistoric Britain. Antiquity 89, 629–644 Google Scholar
Marsden, R. 2011. Gerald of Wales and competing interpretations of the Welsh Middle Ages, c. 1860–1910. Welsh History Review 25(3), 314–345 Google Scholar
Mills, J. & Palmer, R. 2007. Introduction. In J. Mills & R. Palmer (eds), Populating Clay Landscapes, 7–15. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Murphy, K. & Mytum, H. 2011. Iron Age enclosed settlements in west Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78, 263–313 Google Scholar
Mytum, H. 2013. Monumentality in Later Prehistory: Building and rebuilding Castell Henllys hillfort. New York: Springer Google Scholar
Owen-John, H.S. 1988a. A hill-slope enclosure in Coed y Cymdda, near Wenvoe, South Glamorgan. Archaeologia Cambrensis 137, 43–98 Google Scholar
Palmer, R. 1984. Danebury, an Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire: An aerial photographic interpretation of its environs. London: Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) Supplementary Series 6Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. & Richards, C. 1994. Architecture and order: Spatial representation and archaeology. In M. Parker Pearson & C. Richards (eds), Architecture and Order: Approaches to social space, 38–72. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Parkhouse, J. 1988. Excavations at Biglis, South Glamorgan In D.M. Robinson (ed.), Biglis, Caldicot and Llandough: Three Late Iron Age and Romano-British sites in south-east Wales, excavations 1977–79, 1–64. Oxford: British Archaeology Report 188Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1966. A scheme for the Scottish Iron Age. In A.L.F. Rivet (ed.), The Iron Age in Northern Britain, 1–16. Edinburgh: Edinbugh University Press Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1911. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Montgomeryshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1912. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Flintshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1913. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Radnorshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1914. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Denbighshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1917. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Carmarthenshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1921. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Merionethshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1925. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Pembrokeshire. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1937. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Anglesey. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1976. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan volume I: Part 2: The Iron Age and Roman occupation. London: HMSO Google Scholar
RCAHMW. 1982. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan volume III: Part 2: Medieval secular monuments: non-defensive. London: HMSO Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1954. The excavation of an Early Iron Age fortified settlement on Mynydd Bychan, Llysworthy, 1949–50: Part 1. Archaeologia Cambrensis 103, 85–108 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1955. The excavation of an Early Iron Age fortified settlement on Mynydd Bychan, Llysworthy, 1949–50: Part 2. Archaeologia Cambrensis 104, 14–51 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1976. Welsh hillforts: A reappraisal of recent research. In D.W. Harding (ed.), Hillforts: Later prehistoric earthworks in Britain and Ireland, 237–292. London: Academic Press Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1984. Early Iron Age Glamorgan. In H. Savory (ed.), Glamorgan County History, Volume 2: Early Glamorgan, 237–275. Cardiff: Glamorgan County History Trust Google Scholar
Sell, S.H. 1998. Excavations of a Bronze Age settlement at the Atlantic Trading Estate, Barry, South Glamorgan. Studia Celtica 32, 1–26 Google Scholar
Sharples, N. 1991. Maiden Castle: Excavation and field survey 1985–6. London: English Heritage HBMCE Archaeological Report 19Google Scholar
Sharples, N. 2010. Social Relations in Later Prehistory: Wessex in the first millennium bc . Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Sherman, A. & Evans, E. 2004. Roman roads in south-east Wales. Unpublished report no. 2004/073, Project no. GGAT 75. Swansea: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological TrustGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S.C. 1974. Croft Ambrey. Hereford: Privately printed Google Scholar
Thomas, H. 1979. Dinas Powys Common. Morgannwg 23, 87–88 Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 2005. Snail Down, Wiltshire. The Bronze Age barrow cemetery and related earthworks in the parishes of Collingbourne Ducis and Collingbourne Kingston: Excavations 1953, 1955 and 1957. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Society Monograph 3Google Scholar
Vyner, B.E. 1987. Air photo evidence of later prehistoric and Romano-British agricultural systems in the Vale of Glam. Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society 100, 28–36 Google Scholar
Warman, S. 2006. Radiocarbon dating. In Barber et al. 2006, 90–1Google Scholar
Watts, S.R. 2014. The Life and Death of Querns: The deposition and use-contexts of querns in south-western England from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Southampton Monographs in Archaeology New Series 2. Southampton: The Highfield PressGoogle Scholar
Webster, P., Gwilt, A. & Horak, J. 2006. Iron Age pottery. In Barber et al. 2006, 71–81Google Scholar
Wellicome, T. & Connolly, D. 2011. Castle Field Camp, near Castle field farm, Craig Llwyn Road, Pontprennau, Mid Glamorgan. Unpublished Time Trackers Research International ProjectGoogle Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2010. Defence Technical College and Aeospace Business Park, St Athan, Glamorgan. Unpublished archaeological evaluation report. Salisbury: Wessex ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2013. Caerau, Cardiff, south Wales: Archaeological evaluation and assessment of the results. Report reference: 85201.01. Salisbury: Wessex ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2014. Land south of Junction 34, M4, Hensol, Glamorgan. Unpublished archaeological evaluation report. Salisbury: Wessex ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Williams, G.H. & Mytum, H. 1998. Llawhaden, Dyfed: Excavations on a group of small defended enclosures, 1980–4. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 275Google Scholar
Wilson, D. 1981. The plant remains. In Jarrett & Wrathmell 1981, 240–2Google Scholar
Whitbourn, J. 1988a. The animal bones. In Parkhouse 1988Google Scholar
Whitbourn, J. 1988b. The animal bones. In Owen-John 1988bGoogle Scholar
Whittle, E. 1992. A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales: Glamorgan and Gwent. London: HMSO Google Scholar
Woodward, P.J. 1991. The landscape survey. In Sharples 1991, 9–36Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Davis supplementary material S1

Appendix

Download Davis supplementary material S1(PDF)
PDF 30.2 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Davis supplementary material S2

Appendix

Download Davis supplementary material S2(PDF)
PDF 37 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Davis supplementary material S3

Appendix

Download Davis supplementary material S3(PDF)
PDF 28.7 KB