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The Early Iron Age Treasure from Snettisham Norfolk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2014

R. Rainbird Clarke  and
R. H. M. Dolley
R. Rainbird Clarke
Affiliation:
City of Norwich Museums
R. H. M. Dolley
Affiliation:
Dept. of Coins and Medals, British Museum
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Extract

This paper describes and discusses a group of five hoards of metal-work and coins found in 1948–50 by ploughing supplemented by excavation at Ken Hill, Snettisham, in north-west Norfolk. On account of the large quantity of precious metals included the find has been termed collectively ‘The Snettisham Treasure.’ Its principal contents are as follows:—Hoard A (p. 36) contained the remains of four gold tubular torcs. Hoard B contained three staters, four quarter-staters of the Bellovaci; four staters and one quarter-stater of the Gaulish Atrebates, all of gold (p. 59): Hoard C contained at least 145 speculum (tin) coins of Allen's Class I (p. 72) and three buffer terminal bronze torcs (p. 52). From Hoards B and C came at least 48 loop terminal torcs of gold alloy, bronze and tin (p. 46); 17 ‘ingot-bracelets’ of bronze and tin (p. 52) 14 rings of gold alloy, bronze and tin (p. 54); U-shaped bronze binding (p. 56); fragment of a bronze bridle bit (p. 57); two dome-shaped bronze rivets (p. 57); 10 iron nails (p. 58) and miscellaneous fragments of sheet-bronze and ‘cake’ of gold alloy and tin (pp. 57–58). Hoard D consisted of a gold loop terminal torc (p. 46) with securing ring of gold (p. 54). Hoard E contained the following gold objects: ring terminal torc (p. 63) with quarter-stater of Gaulish Atrebates (p. 59); bracelet (p. 66) and large buffer terminal torc (p. 67).

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , July 1955 , pp. 27 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1955

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References

page 30 note 1 A detailed report of the Coroner's inquest appeared in the Eastern Daily Press, December 20, 1948. The argument for treating the group of hoards as one discovery was supported in The Times, December 31, 1948 and in British Numismatic Journal, XXVI, 1950, 117Google Scholar.

page 30 note 2 Report of National Art Collections Fund for 1949 (1950), 42Google Scholar.

page 31 note 1 Norwich Museum Registration Numbers for the find are:—Hoard A 74.949; Hoard B gold coins 76.949; the rest of Hoard B and Hoard C 75.949.

page 31 note 2 For detailed report of this inquest see Eastern Daily Press, November 24, 1950.

page 31 note 3 British Museum Registration Numbers are:—Hoard D 1951, 4–2, 2; Hoard E 1951, 4–2, 1, 3 and 4.

page 32 note 1 Apart from the national and local press, provisional accounts of the discoveries of 1948 appeared in Illustrated London News, January 1, 1949; East Anglian Magazine, February, 1949, 282–90Google Scholar; Norfolk Archaeology, XXX, 1950, 157Google Scholar (all by the present writer); Numismatic Chronicle 6 ser. VIII (1950), 233–5 (gold coins by Dr J. Allan). The discoveries of 1950 are briefly described in Illustrated London News, December 2, 1950, and March 10, 1951; British Museum Quarterly, XVI, 1951, 79–80Google Scholar (by J. W. Brailsford); Archaeological Journal, CVI, 1951, 57, 61Google Scholar; Later Prehistoric Antiquities of the British Isles (British Museum), 1953, 66, 68Google Scholar, Plate XVII and Frontispiece. The present account modifies some of the provisional conclusions expressed in the above literature.

page 32 note 2 P.P.S., XVII, 1952, 214–15Google Scholar.

page 32 note 3 The existence of a port here at least as late as 1297 is attested by a contemporary record (Calendar Close Rolls, Edward I, IV, 25Google Scholar; le Strange, H., Le Strange Records A.D. 1100–1310, 1916, 208)Google Scholar. I owe this reference to C. H. Lewton-Brain.

page 32 note 4 A possible earlier name for this hill, Torpenehowe, c. 1250 indicating ‘a peaked hill’ has been kindly sent me by Dr O. K. Schram.

page 32 note 5 Its commanding situation led to the statement in Report of Earthworks Committee, 1929, 12, that a hill fort had been discovered there—an error corrected in Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 101Google Scholar.

page 32 note 6 Britton, and Brayley, , The Beauties of England and Wales, Norfolk, 1809, 308–9Google Scholar. The wood on the western edge of Area 1 was planted in 1908.

page 34 note 1 Dutt, W. A., The King's Homeland, 1904, 32Google Scholar. These are now preserved at Ken Hill House.

page 34 note 2 Preserved in Norwich Museum: Registration No. 219.950.

page 34 note 3 Examined by Dr K. C. Dunham at the Geological Survey ENQ. 1107.

page 34 note 4 On loan to Norwich Museum from Sir Stephen Green. Registration No. 76.953.

page 35 note 1 Norf. Arch., XXVI, 1938, 275Google Scholar (Postwick, Norfolk).

page 35 note 2 Mint of Ambianum.

page 35 note 3 Norf. Arch., XXX, 1950, 148Google Scholar (material in Norwich Museum).

page 35 note 4 Unpublished fieldwork by C. H. Lewton-Brain, 1952. (Material in Norwich Museum).

page 36 note 1 Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 37Google Scholar (Map—pl. VIII).

page 36 note 2 ibid., 99 (pl. XIII, 1–7).

page 36 note 3 ibid., 104 (with references).

page 36 note 4 Preserved at Sandringham Estate Museum (Norf. Arch., XXX, 1950, 157Google Scholar).

page 36 note 5 Material in Norwich Museum. Unpublished. Excavation by C. H. Lewton-Brain.

page 36 note 6 P.P.S., XVII, 1952, 214–25Google Scholar.

page 40 note 1 See also Maryon, H. in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., XLIVGoogle Scholar. Sect. C., 1938, 210–1—tubular torc from Broighter.

page 41 note 1 Regarded as Gaulish work of c. 100 B.C. by Klindt-Jensen, O. ‘Foreign Influences in Denmark's Early Iron Age’, Acta Archaeologica, 1950, 119–59)Google Scholar. See also Müller, S., Nordiske Fortidsminder, I, 1890–1893, 35–68Google Scholar; Plates VI–XIV: Brondsted, , Danmarks Oldtid, IIIGoogle Scholar, Figs. 72–7: Reinecke, , Praeh. Zeitschrift, XXXIV–XXXV, 1949–1950, 361–71Google Scholar; Guide to the National Museum, Copenhagen, The Danish Collections, Antiquity (1938), 79Google Scholar; Drexel, , 14th Bericht der R-G Kommission, 1922Google Scholar.

page 41 note 2 Espérandiou, E., Recueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule Romaine, 1907Google Scholar, passim; and Lambrechts, P., Contributions a l'Etude des divinités Celtiques, 1942, 30–32Google Scholar.

page 41 note 3 Book LXII, ‘Around her neck was a large golden necklace’. (Loeb edition).

page 41 note 4 (SirEvans, A. J., ‘On a Votive Deposit of Gold Objects on the N.W. Coast of Ireland’, Arch., LV, 1897, 391–408Google Scholar; Armstrong, , Cat. of Irish Gold Ornaments, 1920Google Scholar, pl. XIII, 109; Henry, F., Irish Art in the Early Christian Period, 1940, 13Google Scholar; Praeger, T. Ll., The Way that I Went, 1947, 66Google Scholar (circumstances of discovery).

page 42 note 1 P.P.S., III, 1937, 410Google Scholar.

page 42 note 2 Herdsmen and Hermits, 1950, 76Google Scholar.

page 42 note 3 For extended design see Evans, op. cit., fig. 7; Parkyn, , An Introduction to Prehistoric Art, 1915Google Scholar, fig. 293; Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933Google Scholar, fig. 35b; Piggott, , P.P.S., XVI, 1950Google Scholar, fig. 8E.

page 42 note 4 Maryon, , Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. XLIVGoogle Scholar, Sect. C., 1938, 211.

page 42 note 5 Evans, op. cit. 405, fig. 8; Armstrong, op. cit., pl. XIII, No. 98; J.R.S.A.I., 1923, 15 and fig. 9; Jacobsthal, Early Celtic Art, I, 1944Google Scholar, No. 49; Raftery, , Prehistoric Ireland, 1951, 198Google Scholar and fig. 234.

page 42 note 6 The two designs are illustrated by De Navarro, in Charlesworth, Heritage of Early Britain, 1952Google Scholar, figs, VI, VII, p. 77. For Lough Crew see Crawford, in J.R.S.A.I., XLIV, 1915, 161–3Google Scholar (fig. 18) and LV, 1925, 15–30.

page 42 note 7 Celtic Ornament, 1933, 132–6Google Scholar.

page 42 note 8 See p. 49 for references.

page 42 note 9 Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 50Google Scholar.

page 42 note 10 P.P.S., XVI, 1950, 15–16Google Scholar and Piggott, and Daniel, , Ancient British Art, 1951, 9, 19Google Scholar (pl. 45).

page 42 note 11 Quoted in Jacobsthal, op. cit., 99 (note 3).

page 42 note 12 Déchelette, , Manuel dA'rchaeologie, IV, 1914, 1212Google Scholar; B.M., Guide to Iron Age Antiquities, 1925, 62–3Google Scholar; Jacobsthal, , Early Celtic Art, I, 1944, 122–3Google Scholar.

page 43 note 1 Joly, , Annales du cercle archaéologique de Mons, VII, 1865, 353–64Google Scholar; Couhaire, , Bull. de la Société d'Anthropologie de Bruxelles, XIII, 1894–1895, 125Google Scholar; Evans, John, Numismatic Chronicle, New Series, IV, 96Google Scholar; Déchelette, op. cit., IV, 1914, 1337–9; De Loë, , La Belgique Ancienne, II, 1931, 201–2Google Scholar; Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 134Google Scholar; Jacobsthai, op. cit., I, 1944, 98, et seq.; Hawkes, in Aspects of Archaeology, 1951, 192Google Scholar (note 86); Marien, , Oud-Belgie, 1952, 402–4, 491Google Scholar.

page 43 note 2 At present (1954) on loan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

page 43 note 3 Described in earlier accounts as horse or ox head, but clearly a ram.

page 43 note 4 Jacobsthal, , Early Celtic Art, 1944, 135Google Scholar quoting Dr Pink. See also Blanchet, , Traité des monnaies gauloises, 1905, 605Google Scholar, pl. 51.

page 44 note 1 In Aspects of Archaeology, 192, note 86.

page 44 note 2 Déchelette, , Manuel Arch., IV, 1914, 1339–46Google Scholar.

page 44 note 3 Forrer, , Antiqua, 1884Google Scholar, No. 1, 4 (pl. II, No. 9).

page 44 note 4 Vouga, P., La Tène, 1923, 67–8Google Scholar (fig. 8).

page 45 note 1 Now in National Museum, Copenhagen. Ebert, , Real, der Vorgeschichte, III, 1925Google Scholar, pl. 123b; Klindt-Jensen, , Acta Archaeologica, XX, 1950, 109–12, 118–9Google Scholar.

page 45 note 2 The import of torcs into Britain during the reign of Augustus is recorded by Strabo, IV, Cap. 53, but the scale and precise nature of this trade is unknown.

page 45 note 3 Bulleid, and Gray, , Glastonbury Lake Village, II, 1917Google Scholar, pl. LXXI, LXXIII.

page 45 note 4 Bulleid, and Gray, , Meare Lake Village, I, 1948Google Scholar, pl. II and p. 42.

page 45 note 5 J.R.S.A.I., XLIV, 1915, 162Google Scholar, No. 6; LV, 1925, fig. 52.

page 45 note 6 Later Prehistoric Antiquities of the British Isles, British Museum, 1953, 68Google Scholar, Pl. XIX, 2.

page 45 note 7 ibid., 66, fig. 25, 2.

page 46 note 1 ‘Diam’. indicates external diameter: ‘c/s’ indicates cross-section; ‘Hd’. indicates Hoard; ‘B/C’ indicates that it is uncertain from which of these two hoards the object came.

page 48 note 1 Antiq. J., XXIV, 1944, 149–51Google Scholar.

page 49 note 1 J.B.A.A., XV, 1859, 225Google Scholar, pl. 20–2; Antiq. J., XIII, 1933, 466–8Google Scholar, pl. LXXX, LXXXI; Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 26, 34, 113, 117, 118Google Scholar; Arch. J., XCI, 1935, 105–7, 184Google Scholar; XCVII, 1941, 112; Summary Guide to Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, 1951Google Scholar, pl. XLIIIa, and p. 58.

page 49 note 2 For references see p. 41.

page 49 note 3 Arch. Scotica, IV, 1852, 217–9Google Scholar (pl. x): Wilson, , Arch. and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 1851, 317, 520Google Scholar; Anderson, , Scotland in Pagan Times, 1883, 138–9Google Scholar; Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 131–6Google Scholar; Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., LXIX, 1934, 455–9Google Scholar; Childe, , Prehistoric Scotland, 1935, 254Google Scholar; A Short Guide, National Museum of Antiq. of Scotland, 1949, 11Google Scholar (pl. II, 19).

page 49 note 4 Arch. J., CVI, 60–1Google Scholar.

page 49 note 5 Brit. Num. J., IV, 1907, 222Google Scholar.

page 49 note 6 I am indebted to Dr Allan for an advance transcript of his paper on ‘A Find of Gaulish coins in Peebleshire’, read to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1953. See also P.P.S., XVI, 1950, 14Google Scholar (attributed to Senones).

page 50 note 1 New Statistical Account, VI, 1845, 57–8Google Scholar.

page 50 note 2 Arch. and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 1851, 318Google Scholar.

page 50 note 3 For references to this and ensuing finds see table below.

page 50 note 4 A possible addition is the fragmentary hoop of gold made of three twists each of two wires found in the Clevedon Hoard. This clearly does not belong to the elaborate buffer terminal from the same find (British Museum, Later Prehistoric Antiquities of the British Isles, 1953, 66Google Scholar and pl. XV, 1.

page 50 note 5 Another Iron Age gold torc (now destroyed) of unknown type was found at Mildenhall, Suffolk, with an inhumation burial associated with an iron sword and a ‘celt’ between the skeletons of two horses—possibly a chariot burial. (Arch. XXV, 1834, 609–10Google Scholar; Fox, , Arch. Camb. Reg., 1923, 81, 86Google Scholar; Clarke, , Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 43. 97Google Scholar.

page 52 note 1 Superficially similar bracelets occur in the La Tene culture on the continent but these consist of a single twisted bar with cylindrical buffer terminals (Déchelette, , Manuel d'Arch., IVGoogle Scholar, Fig. 519, 4, 5 from Aisne)

page 52 note 2 Bushe-Fox, , Excavations at Hengistbury Head, 1915, 26, 60Google Scholar and pl. IX, 2, 3, 4.

page 52 note 3 Arch., XIV, 1803, 93Google Scholar, pl. XIX, Fig. 6; Kemble, , Horae Ferales, 1863, 181Google Scholar; Dobson, , Archaeology of Somerset, 1931, 123Google Scholar; British Museum, Guide to Early Iron Age Antiquities, 1925, 143–5Google Scholar; Fox, , Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 20Google Scholar.

page 53 note 1 See p. 67.

page 53 note 2 Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 31, 32, 90Google Scholar.

page 54 note 1 Definite evidence of this was obtained from the Belgic War Cemetery at Maiden Castle (Wheeler, , Maiden Castle, Dorset, 1943, 278Google Scholar).

page 54 note 2 Silver, 44.4 percent; Gold, 29.2 percent; Copper, 25.3 percent; compare with torc analysis, p. 47 (No. 13).

page 54 note 3 Hawkes, , Arch. J., XCVII, 1941, 112–4Google Scholar, has suggested the possible use of thongs for securing some torcs of this type.

page 55 note 1 Glastonbury Lake Village, I, 1911, 211Google Scholar; also Meare Lake Village, II, 1953, 208Google Scholar.

page 55 note 2 Arch. J., XCV, 1938, 69Google Scholar, for additions to list in GLV.

page 55 note 3 Maiden Castle, Dorset, 1943, 266Google Scholar (fig. 86, 10–22).

page 55 note 4 Arch. J., XCIII, 1937, 62Google Scholar (fig. 3, No. 6).

page 55 note 5 Piggott, C., Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., LXXXIV, 1952, 131Google Scholar, with distribution maps, figs. 12 and 13.

page 55 note 6 Sussex Arch. Coll., LXVIII, 1927, 15Google Scholar and pl. V, 31.

page 55 note 7 Op. cit., 1943, 385–6.

page 56 note 1 P.P.S., XVI, 1950, 22Google Scholar.

page 56 note 2 British Museum, 92, 9–1, 4, 56.

page 56 note 3 Professor Piggott informs me that he concurs in this view and withdraws the argument set out in the paper cited above.

page 56 note 4 P.P.S., XVI, 1950Google Scholar, fig. 13 and p. 28. To his list should now be added one from Meare, Somerset (Gray, and Bulleid, , Meare, L. V., II, 1953Google Scholar, pl. XLIX, E.39 and pp. 225–6).

page 56 note 5 Arch. J., XCV, 1938, 65–6Google Scholar.

page 56 note 6 It has been suggested that the example from Wilsford Down, Wilts., is early in the Iron Age, but the evidence is inadequate (Devizes Museum Cat., II, 155Google Scholar, No. 806).

page 57 note 1 Fox, , Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 27–33, 82Google Scholar (figs. 14–16).

page 57 note 2 P.P.S., XVII, 1952, 218–9Google Scholar.

page 57 note 3 ibid., p. 219, and Fox, 1946, 82 (list with references).

page 57 note 4 G.L.V., I, 1911, 234–5Google Scholar (pl. XLIII, E.32, 154. 243, 248; pl. XLIV, E.197).

page 57 note 5 Gray, and Bulleid, , The Meare Lake Village, II, 1953, 227–8Google Scholar (pl. XLIX, E.84, 88, 112, 185).

page 57 note 6 Proc. Somerset Arch. Soc., LXX, 1925, 114Google Scholar (E.11).

page 57 note 7 British Museum, G.L.V., I, 1911, 234Google Scholar.

page 57 note 8 Arch. J., XCV, 1938, 70Google Scholar (fig. 4, 14).

page 59 note 1 Num. Chron., 6 ser. VIII, 1950, 233–5.

page 60 note 1 For continental findspots see Blanchet, , Traité des monnaies gauloises, 1905, 369Google Scholar.

page 60 note 2 Based on Brooke, , Antiquity, 1933, 270Google Scholar (Map 1); cf. Mack, , The Coinage of Ancient Britain, 1953Google Scholar, Map 2.

page 60 note 3 Evans, 1864, 53; V.C.H. Cambs., I, 1938, 300Google Scholar.

page 60 note 4 Evans, 1864, 432; Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 111Google Scholar.

page 60 note 5 op. cit., 270 followed by Mack, 1953, 1–3.

page 61 note 1 For opposite view see Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 64–5Google Scholar.

page 61 note 2 For continental findspots see Blanchet, op. cit., 342.

page 61 note 3 Based on Brooke, , Antiquity, 1933, 271Google Scholar (Map 11).

page 61 note 4 op. cit., 270–2, followed by Mack, 1953, 11–13, Map 5.

page 61 note 5 Allan in Num. Chron., 6 ser. VIII, 1950, 235–6.

page 61 note 6 Hill, G. F. in Bushe-Fox, , Excavations at Hengistbury Head, Hampshire, 1915, 67Google Scholar and pl. XXXII, 19–22.

page 61 note 7 Smith, C. R., Collectanea Antiqua, I, 1848Google Scholar, pl. VII, 6.

page 61 note 8 Evans, , The Coins of the Ancient Britons, 440Google Scholar.

page 61 note 9 Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 112Google Scholar.

page 61 note 10 Norwich Museum. Acquired 1955. Found on beach.

page 62 note 1 Evans, op. cit., pl. M.14; Mack, 1953, pl. XX, 319.

page 62 note 2 Allen, D. F. in Wheeler, , Maiden Castle, 1943, 31Google Scholar; Mack, 1953, 96.

page 62 note 3 Maiden Castle, pl. XXXVIII, 6.

page 63 note 1 Other findspots for the silver ¼ stater are the hoard from Holdenhurst, Hampshire (concealed early 2nd cent., A.D.); Hengistbury Head site 33 and Badbury Rings, Dorset.

page 63 note 2 In his original publication of the Snettisham gold coins Dr Allan suggested that these were as late as the beginning of the 1st century A.D. (Num. Chron., 6 ser. VIII, 1950, 235), but he now agrees that this is too late. The same argument applies to the Cam Brea hoard.

page 64 note 1 Arch. J., CVI, 1951, 59–61Google Scholar. Norwich Museum.

page 64 note 2 For references to this find see p. 49, footnote 3.

page 64 note 3 Excav. at Hengistbury Head, Hants., 1911–12, 1915. pl. XXX, 13, with pp. 13, 62; Arch. J., CVI, 1951, 60–1Google Scholar.

page 64 note 4 Dr H. J. Plenderleith has kindly examined this and reports that it is ‘of silver, now largely corroded to silver chloride but bearing traces of gold, suggesting that it was at one time gilt’. It had been previously regarded as bronze coated with silver.

page 64 note 5 Archaeologia, XXXIII, 175Google Scholar; Ant. J., XIII, 1933, 466–8Google Scholar, pl. LXXXI, 2; B.M. Quarterly, XI, 1936, 3–4Google Scholar, pl. II c; V.C.H., Stafford, I, 180–1Google Scholar.

page 64 note 6 British Museum, Later Prehistoric Antiquities of the British Isles, 1953, 66Google Scholar, with pl. XV, 1. All earlier accounts attempt to show the hoop and terminal as part of the same torc but this is patently impossible, e.g. B.M. Guide to Early Iron Age Antiquities, 1925, fig. 175, pp. 150–1: Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 20–21Google Scholar (fig. 7).

page 64 note 7 B.M. Quarterly, XI, 1936, 4Google Scholar.

page 64 note 8 Arch. J., CVI, 1951, 60Google Scholar.

page 64 note 9 ibid., 61.

page 65 note 1 cf. de Navarro, J. M. in The Heritage of Early Britain, 1952, 77Google Scholar.

page 65 note 2 B.M. Quarterly, XVI, 1951, 79Google Scholar.

page 65 note 3 B.M. Later Prehistoric Antiq., 1953, fig. 23, 3; P.P.S., XVI, 1950, 14Google Scholar (fig. 2, 5); Fox, , Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 49Google Scholar.

page 65 note 4 For references, see p. 64, note 6.

page 65 note 5 B.M., Later Prehistoric Antiq., 1953, 68Google Scholar, with pl. XVIII, 1; Leeds, 1933, 26; Piggott, and Daniel, , Ancient British Art, 1951Google Scholar, No. 53.

page 65 note 6 J.B.A.A., XV, 1859Google Scholar, pl. 22, 1, and see p. 49.

page 65 note 7 For references see p. 49, note 3.

page 66 note 1 e.g. Leeds, , Celtic Ornament, 1933, 132–6Google Scholar; Piggott, , P.P.S., XVI, 1950, 15–16Google Scholar; Piggott, and Daniel, , Ancient British Art, 1951Google Scholar, No. 45 and pp. 9, 19.

page 66 note 2 With the exception of the late and degenerate torc terminal from Hengistbury Head (p. 64).

page 67 note 1 e.g. Cowlam, Yorkshire (BMEIAG, 1925Google Scholar, fig. 128), and Arras, Yorkshire.

page 67 note 2 e.g. Cowlam, Yorkshire (BMEIAG, 1925Google Scholar, fig. 126).

page 67 note 3 e.g. Bredon Hill, Gloucestershire (Arch. J., XCV, 1938Google Scholar, fig. 4, 14) and Glastonbury Lake Village (G.L.V., I, pl. XLII, E.44).

page 67 note 4 e.g. Near Driffield, Yorkshire (Arch. J., XVI, 1859, 83)Google Scholar; Hengistbury Head, Hampshire, Report, 1915Google Scholar, pl. XXX, 15); Llanmelin, Monmouthshire (Arch. Camb., 1933Google Scholar, figs. 53, 54, 2 and 3); Polden Hill Hoard, Somerset (Arch., XIV, 1803Google Scholar, pl. XIX, 4).

page 67 note 5 Fox, , Arch. Camb. Reg., 1923, 81Google Scholar and pl. XV, 5; V.C.H. Cambs., I, 1938, 293Google Scholar and fig. 26. Typologically this is related to the later hinged torcs of S.W. England.

page 67 note 6 J.B.A.A., XV, 1859Google Scholar, pl. 20, no. 2.

page 67 note 7 Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 31, 32Google Scholar (fig. 16 for distribution), 90 (references).

page 67 note 8 Arch. LX, 1906, 278Google Scholar.

page 68 note 1 e.g. Torc from hoard at Tayac, Libourne, Gironde, near Bordeaux, found with over 300 staters, including those of the Bellovaci and probably concealed about 110 B.C. (L'Anthropologie, VIII, 1897, 584–6Google Scholar and Blanchet, , Traité des monnaies gauloises, 1905, 561–2Google Scholar, fig.).

page 70 note 1 Fox, , Llyn Cerrig Bach, 1946, 41Google Scholar.

page 71 note 1 Caesar, , B.G., V, 30–2Google Scholar.

page 71 note 2 For this and ensuing events see Hawkes, and Hull, , Camulodunum, 1947, 5–6Google Scholar.

page 71 note 3 Clarke, , Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 82–3Google Scholar, with pl. XXII.

page 71 note 4 Arch., XC, 1944, 40Google Scholar.

page 71 note 5 Arch. J., XCVI, 1940, 88Google Scholar, with reference.

page 72 note 1 The description ‘speculum’ has been adopted at the suggestion of Dr A. A. Moss, formerly of the British Museum Research Laboratory, who pointed out to me the absurdity of calling coins ‘tin’ that in fact contain three parts of copper.

page 72 note 2 Allen, D. F., ‘British Tin Coinage of the Iron Age’, Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress of 1936, London, 1938, pp. 351–7Google Scholar.

page 73 note 1 Carson, R. A. G., ‘A Hoard of British “Tin” Coins from Sunbury-on-Thames’, Numismatic Chronicle, 1950, pp. 148–9Google Scholar.

page 73 note 2 I am grateful to Mr W. F. Grimes of the London Museum for information concerning the pottery, and to the Town Clerk of Sunbury for details concerning the site and the possibility of re-excavation.

page 73 note 3 See footnote 1 (supra).

page 73 note 4 Mr Linecar kindly sent me corrected proofs of his paper which has appeared in British Numismatic Journal, 1951, 339–40Google Scholar.

page 73 note 5 These coins will be published in due course in the Numismatic Chronicle. See also J.R.S., XXXIX, 1949, 111Google Scholar; Arch. Cant., LXI, 1949, 35Google Scholar.

page 73 note 6 Grove, L. R. A., ‘An Ancient British Tin Coin from Canterbury’, British Numismatic Journal, 1949, p. 94Google Scholar.

page 73 note 7 Allen, op. cit., p. 351; Evans, , The Coins of the Ancient Britons, pp. 123–6Google Scholar and Supplement, pp. 484–6.

page 73 note 8 I myself have seen a ‘hoard’ brought into the Museum in all good faith which included coins of Constantine the Great and Napoleon III.

page 74 note 1 I am deeply grateful to Mile. Gabrielle Fabré of the Cabinet des Medailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale for a long and helpful letter concerning the cast coin illustrated.

page 75 note 1 Evans, , ‘On a Method of Casting Coins in Use among the Ancient Britons’, Numismatic Chronicle, 1855, pp. 18–19Google Scholar.

page 75 note 2 Evans in fact describes his alloy as ‘tin with a slight admixture of copper’.

page 75 note 3 Carson, op. cit., p. 149.

page 75 note 4 Hill, G. F., ‘A Note on the Composition of some British Coins’, Numismatic Chronicle, 1917, pp. 316–8Google Scholar.

page 76 note 1 Evans' oak mould has not survived. It appears to have been a small affair casting a single coin at a time. Evans, however, concedes that the speculum coins were cast in large moulds, a dozen or so at a time. To do this would necessitate the use of much hotter metal, and the larger mould would be much more prone to warp and split.

page 76 note 2 cf. Mack, , The Coinage of Ancient Britain, 1953, 5Google Scholar.

page 76 note 3 The second alternative is perhaps preferable.

page 76 note 4 Hill, op. cit., p. 316.

page 76 note 5 Carson, op. cit., p. 149.

page 77 note 1 Additional details are from a letter to the then Keeper, now in the Museum files.

page 77 note 2 Allen, op. cit., p. 351.

page 77 note 3 ibid., figs. 1–3.

page 78 note 1 I am indebted to M. Jean Lafaurie for casts of this coin and for permission to reproduce them.

page 78 note 2 I am most grateful to Mr E. S. G. Robinson, formerly Keeper of Coins and Medals in the British Museum, who pointed out to me that the unusual marking was epigraphical in origin. Mack, 1953, pl. II, 21.

page 79 note 1 Based on Blanchet, , Traité des monnaies gauloises, 1905Google Scholar.

page 80 note 1 Allen, op. cit., p. 354.

page 80 note 2 The map has been redrawn from Allen's map of 1936 by Mr R. Rainbird Clarke who has also brought up to date Allen's no less invaluable list of findspots (p. 85).

page 80 note 3 A suggestion made verbally by Professor C. F. C. Hawkes.

page 80 note 4 Allen's arrangement of the series included the division into left- and right-facing busts and bulls, and the distinction based on the form of the eye.

page 81 note 1 The fragmentary condition of coin 9 prevents my establishing a die-link with coin 8.

page 82 note 1 Allen, op. cit., p. 353, n. 2.

page 82 note 2 Possibly some importance may be found to attach to the fact that at Snettisham broken coins are proportionately more frequent among the less common types. This is a line of inquiry that might well be followed up in the course of the full publication of the Sunbury hoard.

page 82 note 3 The ‘artist’ may also have been influenced by the grain of his wood. He may have burnt in his design with a heated iron (cf. Evans, , Num. Chron., 1855Google Scholar) but I am inclined to believe that he used a sharp point without heat.