Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:32:11.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2014

Catherine J. Frieman
Catherine J. Frieman*
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, AD Hope Building #14 Canberra, ACT 0200 Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines the chaîne opératoire for these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.

Résumé

Lames à double tranchant: nouvelle visite des poignards en silex britanniques (et irlandais), de Catherine J. Frieman

Les poignards en silex sont une catégorie d’artefacts bien connue et minutieusement étudiée que l’on trouvait à travers toute l’Europe occidentale au cours des derniers siècles du néolithique et des premières phases de l’usage des métaux. Ils sont très liés à l’adoption des objets en métal et de la métallurgie; ils sont dans bien des cas décrits comme des copies de poignards en métal. En Grande-Bretagne, on a recouvré plusieurs centaines de poignards en silex d’une variété de contextes, parmi lesquels les plus connus sont une poignée de riches inhumations individuelles Beaker. Les poignards en silex britanniques suscitèrent un grand intérêt chez les premiers archéologues et furent l’objet de plusieurs publications au début du XXe siècle, plus notamment en 1931 avec la typochronologie et le catalogue de W.F. Grimes qui ont fait école. Cependant, malgré les 80 ans d’évolution de notre compréhension de l’âge du bronze britannique ancien, des inhumations Beaker, des poignards européens en silex et de la technologie lithique en général, on n’a accordé que peu d’attention supplémentaire aux poignards en silex britanniques. Cet article propose une nouvelle classification des poignards britanniques, faisant la distinction entre ceux probablement produits en Grande-Bretagne et ceux rapportés d’ailleurs sur le continent. On y examine de plus près la chaine opératoire de ces poignards en s’appuyant sur leur forme définitive car aucun lieu de production n’est connu à ce jour et on examine en détail les choix faits dans leur déposition, non seulement dans des contextes funéraires mais sur la terre ferme et, encore plus important, dans des contextes humides. Finalement, on propose une séquence de développement des poignards en silex britanniques qui les relie technologiquement et morphologiquement aux poignards scandinaves lancéolés qui circulaient aux Pays-Bas. On suggère que les peuples du sud-est de la Grande-Bretagne jouaient sciemment de ce lien néerlandais afin de souligner une identité ancestrale spécifique les rattachant directement aux communautés de l’autre côté de la Manche.

Zussamenfassung

Zweischneidige Klingen: Neue Überlegungen zu britischen (und irischen) Feuersteindolchen, von Catherine J. Frieman

Feuersteindolche sind eine gut bekannte und detailliert untersuchte Artefaktgruppe, die in Westeuropa in den letzten Jahrhunderten des Neolithikums und in der frühesten Phase der Metallnutzung in Gebrauch war. Sie sind im weitesten Sinne mit der Übernahme der Metallurgie und von Metallobjekten verknüpft und werden oft als Kopien von Metalldolchen angesprochen. Mehrere hundert Dolche aus Feuerstein wurden in Großbritannien aus einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Kontexte geborgen, wovon einige der bekanntesten aus einer Handvoll reich ausgestatteter Einzelgräber der Becherkultur stammen. Die britischen Flintdolche weckten stark das Interesse früher Archäologen und waren Gegenstand mehrerer Publikationen im frühen 20. Jahrhundert, worunter vor allem die bahnbrechende Typochronologie mit Katalog von W. F. Grimes von 1931 zu erwähnen ist. Jedoch wurde, trotz der Fortentwicklung unseres Verständnisses der britischen Frühbronzezeit, der Bestattungen der Becherkultur, der europäischen Flintdolche und der lithischen Technologie im allgemeinen, den britischen Flintdolchen wenig weitere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Dieser Beitrag schlägt eine neue Klassifikation der britischen Dolche vor, wobei unterschieden wird zwischen jenen, die wahrscheinlich in Großbritannien selbst hergestellt wurden, und solchen, die aus anderen Regionen Europas eingeführt wurden. Er untersucht zudem die chaîne opératoire dieser Dolche auf der Basis ihrer endgültigen Form, da bislang keine Produktionsstätten bekannt sind, und er untersucht im Detail, welche Entscheidungen getroffen wurden bei der Wahl der Niederlegungsorte, nicht nur in Grabkontexten, sondern auch in trockenen Böden und insbesondere in Feuchtböden oder Gewässern. Schließlich schlägt dieser Beitrag eine Sequenz für die Entwicklung der britischen Flintdolche vor, die sie technologisch und morphologisch mit lanzenspitzenförmigen Dolchen aus Skandinavien verbindet, die in den Niederlanden in Umlauf waren. Es wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass Bewohner Südostbritanniens wissentlich diese niederländische Verbindung hochspielten um eine spezifische Herkunftsidentität zu betonen, die sie mit Gemeinschaften auf der anderen Seite des Ärmelkanals direkt verknüpfen sollte.

Resumen

Cuchillos de doble filo: revisando los puñales de sílex británicos (e irlandeses), por Catherine J. Frieman

Los puñales de sílex son una categoría de artefactos bien conocida y estudiada con detalle, propia de la Europa occidental de finales del Neolítico hasta los primeros usos del metal. Están ampliamente relacionados con la adopción de los objetos de metal y la metalurgia –en muchos casos se describen como copias de los cuchillos de metal. En Gran Bretaña, se han recuperado varios cientos de puñales de sílex en una gran variedad de contextos, entre los cuales las mejor conocidas son un puñado de ricas inhumaciones campaniformes individuales. Los puñales de sílex británicos fueron un tema de gran interés para los primeros arqueológos y han sido objeto de numerosas publicaciones desde principios del siglo XX, destacando la influyente tipocronología y catalogación de W.F. Grimes en 1931. Sin embargo, aún transcurridos 80 años de evolución de nuestro conocimiento sobre el Bronce Inicial británico, los enterramientos campaniformes, los puñales de sílex europeos, y la tecnología lítica en general, apenas se ha vuelto a prestar atención a los puñales de sílex británicos. Este artículo propone una nueva clasificación de los puñales británicos, distinguiendo entre aquéllos que probablemente fueron producidos en Gran Bretaña y los traídos desde el continente. Se analiza la chaîne opératoire de estos puñales basándose en su forma final ya que no se conocen sus áreas de producción y se examinan con detalle las decisiones tomadas para su depósito, no sólo en contextos funerarios, sino también en otros de tierra firme y, sobre todo, en contextos húmedos. Por último, se propone una secuencia de desarrollo para los puñales de sílex británicos que los vincula tecnológica y morfológicamente a los puñales lanceolados escandinavos que circulan en los Países Bajos. Esto sugiere que los grupos del sureste de Inglaterra intencionadamente resaltaron esta conexión holandesa con la finalidad de fortalecer una identidad ancestral específica que les vinculaba directamente con estas comunidades a través del Canal.

Keywords

Flint daggersBeaker packageBritish Early Bronze Agelithic technology
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 80 , December 2014 , pp. 33 - 65
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, M.J., Gardiner, J. & Sheridan, A. (eds), Is there a British Chalcolithic? People, Place and Polity in the later 3rd Millennium. Oxford: Prehistoric Society Research Papers 4 Google Scholar
Anderson, J. & Black, G.F. 1888. Reports on local museums in Scotland, obtained through Dr. R. H. Gunning’s jubilee gift to the society. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 22, 331–422 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews-Wilson, L. 2008. YORYM-324568: A Neolithic dagger. Available from http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/237357 Google Scholar
Annable, F.K. & Simpson, D.D.A. 1964. Guide Catalogue of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Collections in Devizes Museum. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Google Scholar
Anon. 1855. Proceedings of the Association. Journal of the British Archaeological Association 10, 177–196 Google Scholar
Anon. 1932. Flint implements found near Wakefield. Antiquaries Journal 12, 449–450 Google Scholar
Anon. 1934. Flint dagger from Upchurch. Antiquaries Journal 14, 298–299 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1949. Recent accessions to the museum of archaeology and ethnology. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 41, 78–79 Google Scholar
Anon. 1967. The flint dagger from Great Weldon. Journal of the Northampton Museums & Art Gallery 2 (December), 38–39 Google Scholar
Anon. 2009. Student discovers a Neolithic flint dagger in Suffolk. Available from http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/003455.html [Accessed 8 April 2011]Google Scholar
Apel, J. 2000. Flint daggers and technological knowledge. Production and consumption during LN1. In D.S. Olausson & H. Vandkilde (eds), Form, Function & Context: material culture studies in Scandinavian archaeology, 135–154. Stockholm: Altqvist & Wiksell Google Scholar
Apel, J. 2001. Daggers, Knowledge and Power. Uppsala: Coast to Coast Google Scholar
Apel, J. 2004. From marginalisation to specialisation: Scandinavian flint-dagger production during the second wave of neolithisation. In H. Knutsson (ed.), Coast to Coast – Arrival. Results and Reflections. Proceedings of the Final Coast to Coast Conference 1–5 October in Falköping, Sweden, 295–308. Uppsala: Coast-to-coast Google Scholar
ApSimon, A.M. 1954–5. A decorated bronze dagger of Arreton Down type from the Thames near Bourne End. Berkshire Archaeological Journal 54, 119–122 Google Scholar
Bakker, J.A. 1979. The TRB West Group: studies in the chronology and geography of the makers of Hunebeds and Tiefstich pottery. Amsterdam: Albert Egges van Giffen Instituut voor Prae- en Protohistorie Google Scholar
Ballin, T.B. 2011a. Overview of the lithic evidence. In Harding & Healy (eds) 2011, 506–26Google Scholar
Ballin, T.B. 2011b. Struck flint from West Cotton, Irthlingborough and Stanwick. In In Harding & Healy (eds) 2011, 433–505Google Scholar
Banks, R.W. 1871. On the contents of a tumulus on Ty Ddu Farm, Llanelieu. Archaeologia Cambrensis 2 (4th ser), 327 Google Scholar
Barclay, A., Glass, H. & Parry, C. 1995. Excavations of Neolithic and Bronze Age ring-ditches, Shorncote Quarry, Somerford Keynes, Gloucestershire. Transactions of the Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 113, 21–60 Google Scholar
Barley, M.W. 1950. A flint dagger from Staythorpe, Notts., and other finds from the Newark area. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 16, 184–186 Google Scholar
Barnes, B. 1982. Man and the Changing Landscape: a study of occupation and palaeo environment in the Central Pennines. Liverpool: Merseyside County Council/Merseyside County Museums, University of Liverpool, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology Google Scholar
Bateman, T. 1848. Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants from the Most Remote Ages to the Reformation. London: John Russell Smith Google Scholar
Bateman, T. 1855. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities and Miscellaneous Objects Preserved in the Museum of Thomas Bateman, at Lomberdale House. Derbyshire. Bakewell: James Gratton Google Scholar
Bateman, T. 1978 [1861]. Ten years’ Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills, in the Counties of Derby, Stafford, and York, from 1848 to 1858. Buxton: Moorland Reprints Google Scholar
Bates, S.C. & Wiltshire, P.E.J. 1992. Excavation of a burnt mound at Feltwell Anchor, Norfolk, 1992. Norfolk Archaeology 43 (3), 389–414 Google Scholar
Bennett, W. 1946. The History of Burnley. Vol. 1. Burnley: Burnley Corporation Google Scholar
Beuker, J.R. & Drenth, E. 2006. Scandinavian type flint daggers from the provinces of Drenthe, the Netherlands. In G. Körlin & G. Weisgerber (eds), Stone Age – Mining Age, 285–300. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Google Scholar
Bird, D.G., Crocker, G. & McCracken, J.S. 1989. Archaeology in Surrey 1987. Surrey Archaeological Collections 79, 181–189 Google Scholar
Bloemers, J.H.F. 1968. Flintdolche vom scandinavischen Typus in den Niederlanden. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 47–110 Google Scholar
Bocquet, A. 1974. Les poignards néolithiques de Charavines (Isère) dans le cadre de la civilisation Saône-Rhône. Études Préhistoriques 9, 7–17 Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1979. The interpretation of later Bronze Age metalwork from British rivers. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 8 (1), 3–6 Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1990. The Passage of Arms. An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Bradley, R. & Gordon, K. 1988. Human skulls from the River Thames, their dating and significance. Antiquity 62, 503–509 Google Scholar
Bradley, R. & Keith-Lucas, M. 1975. Excavation and pollen analysis on a Bell Barrow at Ascot, Berkshire. Journal of Archaeological Science 2, 95–108 Google Scholar
Brooks, I.P. 2005. Flint artefacts. In Roberts & Pruhoe (eds), 2005, 143–9Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2006. Death, exchange and reproduction in the British Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 9 (1), 73–101 Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2009. Women, death and social change in the British Bronze Age. Norwegian Archaeology Review 42 (1), 1–23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, C. 2005. Prehistoric Flintwork. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Calkin, J.B. 1959. Some archaeological discoveries in the Isle of Purbeck. Part II. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeology Society 81, 114–123 Google Scholar
Callahan, E. 2006. Neolithic Danish daggers: an experimental peek. In J. Apel & K. Knutsson (eds), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings of a Symposium in Uppsala, August 20–24, 2003, 115–129. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis and the Department of Archaeology & Ancient History, Uppsala University Google Scholar
Callander, J.G. 1931. Notes on (1) certain prehistoric relics from Orkney, and (2) Skara Brae: its culture and its period. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 65, 78–114 Google Scholar
Cantrill, T.C. 1898. The contents of a carn at Ystradfellte, Co. Brecon. Archaeologia Cambrensis 15 (5th ser.), 248–264 Google Scholar
Carlin, N. & Brück, J. 2012. Searching for the Chalcolithic: continuity and change in the Irish final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age. In Allen et al. (eds), 2012, 193–210Google Scholar
Case, H.J. 1956–7. The Lambourn Seven Barrows. Berkshire Archaeological Journal 55, 15–31 Google Scholar
Case, H.J. & Kirk, J.R. 1954. Archaeological notes: prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon. Oxoniensia 19, 117–119 Google Scholar
Case, H.J. & Whittle, A.W.R. (eds). 1982. Settlement Patterns in the Oxford Region: excavations at the Abingdon causewayed enclosure and other sites. London: Council for British Archaeology/Dept of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum Google Scholar
Cassau, A. 1935. Ein Feuersteindolch mit Holzgriff und Lederscheide aus Wiepenkathen, Kreis Stade. Mannus 27, 199–209 Google Scholar
Celoria, F.S.C. & MacDonald, J. 1969. The Beaker period. In J.S. Cockburn, H.P.F. King & K.G.T. McDonnell (eds), A History of the County of Middlesex, 36–41. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Chitty, L.F. 1967. Recorder’s report on archaeology 1964–65. Transactions of the Caradoc & Severn Valley Field Club 16, 79–84 Google Scholar
Clark, J.D.G. 1929. Discoidal polished flint knives – their typology and distribution. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 6, 41–54 Google Scholar
Clark, J.D.G. 1932a. The date of the plano-convex flint-knife in England and Wales. Antiquaries Journal 12, 158–162 Google Scholar
Clark, J.D.G. 1932b. Note on some flint daggers of Scandinavian type from the British Isles. Man 32, 186–190 Google Scholar
Clark, J.G. 1938. Early man. In L.F. Salzman (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely, 247–304. London: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Clarke, D.L. 1970. Beaker Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Clinch, G. 1902. Early man. In H.E. Malden (ed.), Victoria History of the County of Surrey, 227–254. Westminster: 2 Whitehall Gardens Google Scholar
Corcoran, J.X.W.P. 1964. A Scandinavian flint dagger from Scarriff, Co. Clare. North Munster Antiquarian Journal 9 (3), 83–88 Google Scholar
Corcoran, J.X.W.P. 1966. An adze and an axehead from Co. Wexford. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 96 (1), 93–95 Google Scholar
Cottrill, F. 1941. Another Bronze Age Beaker from Leicestershire. Antiquaries Journal 21 (3), 232–234 Google Scholar
Cowell, R.W. 1995. Some Neolithic and Bronze Age finds from Merseyside. Journal of the Merseyside Archaeological Society 9, 25–44 Google Scholar
Crowson, A. 2004. Hot Rocks in the Norfolk Fens: the excavation of a burnt flint mound at Northwold, 1994–5. East Dereham: East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 16 Google Scholar
Cunnington, M.E. 1927. Early Bronze Age Beaker and flint dagger from West Overton. Wiltshire Archaeology & Natural History Magazine 43 (145), 395–396 Google Scholar
Cunnington, W., Goddard, E.H. & Cunnington, M.E.P. 1896. Catalogue of Antiquities in the Museum of the Wiltshire Archæological and Natural History Society at Devizes. Devizes: Wiltshire Archæological & Natural History Society Google Scholar
Curwen, E. 1928. Notes on some uncommon types of stone implements found in Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections 69, 77–91 Google Scholar
Curwen, E. 1932. Some noteworthy flints from Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections 73, 197–200 Google Scholar
Curwen, E. 1941. Flint daggers of the Early Bronze Age from Sussex. Sussex Notes & Queries 8, 69–70 Google Scholar
Czebreszuk, J. 2004. Bell Beakers from west to east. In P.I. Bogucki & P.J. Crabtree (eds), Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.–A.D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world, 476–485. London: Charles Scribner’s Sons Google Scholar
Dale, W. 1903. [Visit to roadworks at Clausentum]. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 19, 57–59 Google Scholar
Davis, S. & Payne, S. 1993. A barrow full of cattle skulls. Antiquity 67, 12–22 Google Scholar
Day, R. 1895. Danish spear-head. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 5 (5th ser) (2), 176 Google Scholar
Delcourt-Vlaeminck, M. 2004. Les exportations du silex du Grand-Pressigny et du matériau tertiaire dans le nord-ouest de l’Europe au néolithique final/chalcolithique. In M. Vander Linden & L. Salanova (eds), Le troisième millénaire dans le nord de la France et en Belgique: Actes de la journée d'études SRBAP-SPF, 8 mars 2003, Lille, 139–154. Paris: Société préhistorique française Google Scholar
Delcourt-Vlaeminck, M., Simon, C. & Vlaeminck, J. 1991. Le silex du Grand-Pressigny sur le complexe SOM/chalcolithique du Brunehaut (Tourain-Belgique). In Despriée et al. (eds) 1991, 201–205Google Scholar
Despriée, J., Verjux, C., Piédoue, J., Richard, G., Albert, R., Pilareck, P., Tudal, L., Varache, F. & Manchet, A. (eds). 1991. La région Centre, carrefour d’influences? Actes du 14e Colloque Interrégional sur le Néolithique, Blois, 16–18 octobre 1987. Argenton-sur-Creuse: Société Archéologique, Scientifique et Littéraire du Vendômois Google Scholar
Dillon, A. 1873. [Exhibit of a flint dagger found near Walton-on-Thames]. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 6, 73 Google Scholar
Dix, B. 1987a. The Raunds Area Project: second interim report. Northamptonshire Archaeology 21, 3–30 Google Scholar
Dix, B. 1987b. Archaeology in Northamptonshire 1985–86. Northamptonshire Archaeology 21, 153–159 Google Scholar
Driscoll, K. 2010. Stone tools. In G. Byrne, S. Caulfield, M. Downes, N. Dunne & G. Warren (eds), Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Report 2010. Dublin: UCD; The Heritage Council Google Scholar
Dudley, H. 1949. Early Days in North-West Lincolnshire: a regional archaeology. Scunthorpe: W.H. & C.H. Caldicott Google Scholar
Duncan, H. 2005. Bone artefacts. In Roberts & Pruhoe (eds), 2005, 163–165 Google Scholar
Dunning, G.C., Edwardson, A.R. & Garrood, J.R. 1958. Archaeological notes. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 51, 81–84 Google Scholar
Dutt, W.A. 1911. Topographical list of Palaeolithic and Neolithic localities. In W. Page (ed.), The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Suffolk. London: Constable Google Scholar
Earle, T. 2004. Culture matters in the Neolithic transition and emergence of hierarchy in Thy, Denmark: distinguished lecture. American Anthropology 106, 111–125 Google Scholar
Edmonds, M.R. 1995. Stone Tools and Society: working stone in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. London: Batsford Google Scholar
Evans, J. 1897. The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain (2nd edn). London: Longmans, Green & Co Google Scholar
Field, D. 1983. Two flint daggers from Kingston. Surrey Archaeological Collections 74, 202–203 Google Scholar
Field, D. 1988. Flint dagger from Winterfold Heath. Surrey Archaelogical Society Bulletin 231, 5 Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2009. In his hands and in his head: the Amesbury Archer as a metalworker. In P. Clark (ed.), Bronze Age Connections. Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe, 176–188. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2011. The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen: Bell Beaker Burials on Boscombe Down, Amesbury, Wiltshire. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology Google Scholar
Fokkens, H. 2012a. Background to Dutch Beakers. A critical review of the Dutch model. In H. Fokkens & F. Nicolis (eds), Background to Beakers. Inquiries in Regional Cultural Backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex, 9–36. Leiden: Sidestone Press Google Scholar
Fokkens, H. 2012b. Dutchmen on the move? A discussion of the adoption of the Beaker package. In Allen et al. (eds) 2012, 115–125Google Scholar
Forssander, J.E. 1936. Der ostskandinavische Norden während der ältesten Metallzeit Europas. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1923. Archaeology of the Cambridge Region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Foxon, A. 2011. The bone artefacts from barrow 1. In Harding & Healy (eds), 2011, 401–4Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1946. Two Bronze Age implements from Weybridge. Surrey Archaeological Collections 49, 100–102 Google Scholar
Frieman, C.J. 2012a. Flint daggers, copper daggers and technological innovation in Late Neolithic Scandinavia. European Journal of Archaeology 15 (3), 440–464 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieman, C.J. 2012b. Going to pieces at the funeral: Completeness and complexity in British Early Bronze Age jet ‘necklace’ assemblages. Journal of Social Archaeology 12 (3), 334–355 Google Scholar
Frieman, C.J. 2012c. Innovation and imitation: stone skeuomorphs of metal from 4th–2nd millennia bc northwest Europe. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S2365 Google Scholar
Frieman, C.J. 2013a. Innovation and identity: the language and reality of prehistoric imitation and technological change. In J. Card (ed), Hybrid Material Culture: the archaeology of syncretism and ethnogenesis, 318–341. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations Google Scholar
Frieman, C.J. 2013b. Lost and found: a flint dagger from the River Thames at Henley. Oxoniensia 78, 225–226 Google Scholar
Gardiner, J. 1990. Flint procurement and Neolithic axe production on the South Downs: A re-assessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9 (2), 119–140 Google Scholar
Gardiner, J. 2008. On the production of discoidal flint knives and changing patterns of specialist flint procurement in the Neolithic on the South Downs, England. In H. Fokkens, B.J. Coles, A. Van Gijn, J. Kleijne, H. Ponjee & C. Slappendel (eds), Between Foraging and Farming: an extended broad spectrum of papers presented to Leendern Louwe Kooijmans. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 40, 235–246 Google Scholar
Gardner, J.W. 1950. A flint dagger from Canterbury. Archaeologia Cantiana 62, 142–143 Google Scholar
Garwood, P. 2012. The present dead: The making of past and future landscapes in the British Chalcolithic. In Allen et al. (eds) 2012, 298–316Google Scholar
George, T.J. 1902. Early man. In W.R.D. Adkins & R.M. Serjeantson (eds), Victoria History of the County of Northampton, 135–156. Westminster: 2 Whitehall Gardens Google Scholar
George, T.J. 1904. Archaeological Survey of Northants. London: Society of Antiquaries of London Google Scholar
Gerloff, S. 1975. The Early Bronze Age Daggers in Great Britain and a Reconsideration of the Wessex Culture. Munich: Prähistorische Bronzefunde 6 (2)Google Scholar
Gilmour, R.A. 1976. Beaker and Bronze Age burials at Brantham Hall. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 33 (2), 116–130 Google Scholar
Gomme, G.L. 1886. The Gentleman’s Magazine Library: being a classified collection of the contents of the Gentleman’s Magazine from 1731 to 1868. Archaeology. 2 vols. Vol. 1, London: Elliot Stock Google Scholar
Grace, R. 1990. The limitations and applications of usewear data. Aun 14, 9–14 Google Scholar
Gray, H.S.G. 1903. The Stradling Collection in teh Taunton Castle Museum. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological & Natural History Society 48 (1), 81–87 Google Scholar
Gray, H.S.G. 1908. Report on the excavations at Wick Barrow, Stogursey. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological & Natural History Society 54 (2), 1–78 Google Scholar
Green, H.S., Houlder, C.H. & Keeley, L.H. 1982. A flint dagger from Ffair Rhos, Ceredigion, Dyfed, Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 492–495 Google Scholar
Green, S.H. 1980. The Flint Arrowheads of the British Isles. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 75 Google Scholar
Greenwell, W. & Rolleston, G. 1877. British Barrows: a record of the examination of sepulchral mounds in various parts of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press Google Scholar
Grimes, W.F. 1932. The early Bronze Age flint dagger in England and Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 6 (4), 340–355 Google Scholar
Grimes, W.F. 1951. The Prehistory of Wales (2nd edn). Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Grinsell, L.V. 1954a. A flint dagger from Avebury. Wiltshire Archaeology & Natural History Magazine 55 (99), 176 Google Scholar
Grinsell, L.V. 1954b. A flint dagger from Avebury. Wiltshire Archaeology & Natural History Magazine 55 (100), 291 Google Scholar
Guildhall Museum. 1908. Catalogue of the Collection of London Antiquities in the Guildhall Museum. London: Blades, East & Blades Google Scholar
Hall, D., Wells, C.E., Huckerby, E. & Mayer, A. 1995. The Wetlands of Greater Manchester. Lancaster: Lancaster University Archaeology Unit Google Scholar
Halls, H. 1914. Norwich, March 23rd, 1914. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 1, 488–490 Google Scholar
Halpin, C. 1987. Irthlingborough. Current Archaeology 9 (106), 331–333 Google Scholar
Harding, J. & Healy, F. (eds). 2007. A Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscape in Northhamptonshire. Swindon: English Heritage Google Scholar
Harding, J. & Healy, F. 2011. The Raunds Area Project: A Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscape in Northamptonshire. Vol. 2: Supplementary Studies. Swindon: English Heritage Google Scholar
Harding, P. 2011a. Flint. In Fitzpatrick 2011, 88–103Google Scholar
Harding, P. 2011b. Spatula. In Fitzpatrick 2011, 158–9Google Scholar
Harding, P. & Olsen, S. 1989. Flint and the burial group in 1017 with a note on the antler spatulae. In P.J. Fasham, D.E. Farwell & R.J.B. Whinney (eds), The Archaeological Site at Easton Lane, Winchester, 99–107. Gloucester: Hampshire Field Club & Wessex Archaeology Google Scholar
Hart, C.R. 1981. The North Derbyshire Archaeological Survey to AD 1500. Chesterfield: North Derbyshire Archaeological Trust Google Scholar
Healy, F. 1980. The Neolithic in Norfolk. Unpublished PhD thesis. Department of Archaeology, University College LondonGoogle Scholar
Healy, F. 2012. Chronology, corpses, ceramics, copper and lithics. In Allen et al. (eds) 2012, 144–163Google Scholar
Herepath, N. 2001. LVPL1737: A Bronze Age lithic implement. Available from http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/6288 Google Scholar
Heyd, V. 2007. Families, prestige goods, warriors and complex societies: Beaker groups in the 3rd millennium cal bc . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73, 327–380 Google Scholar
Hicks, R. 1878. Roman remains found at Ramsgate. Archaeologia Cantiana 12, 13–18 Google Scholar
Hoare, R.C. 1812. The Ancient History of South Wiltshire. London: William Miller Google Scholar
Hodgeson, J. & Brennand, M. 2006. Prehistoric period resource assessment. In M. Brennand (ed), The Archaeology of North West England, 23–58. Manchester: Council for British Archaeology North West Google Scholar
Hodgeson, J.C. 1899. A History of Northumberland. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Thomas & James Pigg Google Scholar
Honegger, M. 2002. Les influences méridionales dans les industries lithiques du néolithique Suisse. In M. Bailly, R. Furestier & T. Perrin (eds), Les industries lithiques taillées holocènes du bassin rhodanien: problèmes et actualités: Actes de la table ronde tenue à Lyon les 8 et 9 décembre 2000, 135–147. Montagnac: Mergoil Google Scholar
Honegger, M. & de Montmollin, P. 2010. Flint daggers of the Late Neolithic in the Northern Alpine area. In B.V. Eriksen (ed.), Lithic Technology in Metal Using Societies, 129–142. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society Google Scholar
Howarth, E. 1899. Catalogue of the Bateman Collection of Antiquities in the Sheffield Public Museum. London: Dulau & Co Google Scholar
Hughes, M. 1986. Archaeology and historic buildings in Hampshire. Annual report 1984/85. Archaeology and Historic Buildings in Hampshire:. Winchester: Hampshire County Council Planning Department Google Scholar
Humble, J. 2011. The Higham Ferrers dagger. In Harding & Healy (eds), 2011, 421–2Google Scholar
Ihuel, E. 2004. La diffusion du silex du Grand-Pressigny dans le massif armoricain au Néolithique. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques Google Scholar
Jackson, J.W. 1935. The prehistoric archaeology of Lancashire and Cheshire. Transactions of the Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society 50, 65–106 Google Scholar
Jessup, R.F. 1940. A flint dagger and two beakers from East Kent. Antiquaries Journal 20, 486–487 Google Scholar
Jewitt, L.F.W. 1870. Grave-mounds and their Contents: a manual of archaeology, as exemplified in the burials of the Celtic, the Romano-British, and the Anglo-Saxon periods. London: Groombridge Google Scholar
Jobey, G. 1967. Lewisburn Museum: flint dagger. Archaeologia Aeliana (4th ser.) 45, 207–208 Google Scholar
Johnston, D.A. 1997. Biggar Common, 1987–93: An early prehistoric funerary and domestic landscape in Clydesdale, South Lanarkshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 127, 185–253 Google Scholar
Jones, T. 1911. A History of the County of Brecknock. Vol. 2, Brecknock: Blissett, Davies & Company Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J.W. 1900. A supposed Neolithic settlement at Skitts Hill, Braintree, Essex. Essex Naturalist 11, 94–126 Google Scholar
Ketteringham, L.L. 1980. A flint dagger from Warlingham. Surrey Archaeological Collections 72, 261–262 Google Scholar
Kühn, H.J. 1979. Das Spätneolithikum in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster: K. Wachholtz Google Scholar
Lamdin-Whymark, H. 2008. The Residue of Ritualised Action: Neolithic deposition practices in the Middle Thames Valley. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 466 Google Scholar
Lawrence, G.F. 1929. Antiquities from the middle Thames. Archaeological Journal 86, 69–98 Google Scholar
Leach, G.B. 1952. Flint implements from the Worsthorne Moors, Lancashire. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire 103, 1–22 Google Scholar
Leeds, E.T. 1912. [On the excavation of a round barrow at Eybury, near Petersborough]. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 24, 80–95 Google Scholar
Lethbridge, T.C. 1930. Bronze Age burials in Little Downham, Cambs. Antiquaries Journal 10, 162–164 Google Scholar
Lethbridge, T.C. & O’Reilly, M. 1935. Archaeological notes. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 35, 141–146 Google Scholar
Levitan, B.W., Audesley, A., Hawkes, C.J., Moody, A., Moody, P., Smart, P.L. & Thomas, J.S. 1988. Charterhouse Warren Farm swallet, Mendip, Somerset. Exploration, geomorphology, taphonomy and archaeology. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 18 (2), 171–239 Google Scholar
Levitan, B.W. & Smart, P.L. 1989. Charterhouse Warren Farm swallet, Mendip, Somerset. Radiocarbon dating evidence. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 18 (3), 390–394 Google Scholar
Lewis, G.D. 1964. Ashover. East Midland Archaeological Bulletin 7, 1 Google Scholar
Lewis, G.D. 1970. The Bronze Age in the Southern Pennines. Liverpool: Department of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Google Scholar
Lewis, J. 2000. Upwards at 45 degrees: the use of vertical caves during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age on Mendip, Somerset. Capra 2. Available from http://capra.group.shef.ac.uk/2/upwards.html. [Accessed 26 April 2011]Google Scholar
Lewis, J. 2005. Monuments, Ritual and Regionality: The Neolithic of Northern Somerset. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 401 Google Scholar
Lomborg, E. 1973. Die Flintdolche Dänemarks: Studien über Chronologie und Kulturbeziehungen des südskandinavischen Spätneolithikums. København: Universitetsforlaget I kommission hos H. H. J. Lynge Google Scholar
Longley, D.M.T. 1987. Prehistory. In B.E. Harris & A.T. Thacker (eds), A History of the County of Chester. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Macalister, R.A.S. 1921. Ireland in Pre-Celtic Times. Dublin: Maunsel & Roberts Google Scholar
MacCormick, A.G. 1964. Holme Pierrepont. East Midland Archaeological Bulletin 7, 22 Google Scholar
Madge, S.J. 1938. The Early Records of Harringay alias Hornsey, from Prehistoric Times to 1216 A.D. Hornsey: Public Libraries Committee Google Scholar
Madge, S.J. 1939. A flint dagger from Hornsey. Antiquaries Journal 19, 440 Google Scholar
Makepeace, G.A. 2003. A flint dagger found near Curzon Lodge, Longcliffe, Brassington, Derbyshire. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 123, 59–62 Google Scholar
Mallet, N. 1992. Le Grand-Pressigny: ses relations avec la civilisation Saône-Rhône. Le Grand-Pressigny: Société des Amis du Musée du Grand-Pressigny Google Scholar
Mallet, N. & Ramseyer, D. 1991. Un exemple d’importations de silex du Grand-Pressigny dans un village de la civilisation Saône-Rhône: Partalban (Canton de Fribourg, Suisse). In Despriée et al. (eds), 1991, 167–92Google Scholar
Mallet, N., Richard, G., Genty, P. & Verjux, C. 2004. La diffusion des silex du Grand-Pressigny dans le Basin parisien. In M. Vander Linden & L. Salanova (eds), Le troisième millénaire dans le nord de la France et en Belgique: Actes de la journée d’études SRBAP-SPF, 8 mars 2003, Lille, 123–138. Paris: Société préhistorique française Google Scholar
Manby, T.G. 1979. Typology, materials and distribution of flint and stone axes in Yorkshire. In T.H. McK. Clough & W.A. Cummins (eds), Stone Axe Studies, 65–81. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 23 Google Scholar
Marsden, B.M. 1977. The Burial Mounds of Derbyshire. Privately PublishedGoogle Scholar
Millet-Richard, L.-A. 1994. Technologie lithique au Néolithique final dans la région du Grand-Pressigny: Comparaisons entre habitats et ateliers. In X. Gutherz & R. Joussaume (eds), La néolithique du Centre-Ouest de la France: actes du XXIe Colloque inter-régional sur le néolithique, Poitiers, 14, 15 et 16 octobre 1994, 279–296. Poitiers: Ministre de la Culture et de la communication and l’Association des Archéologies de Poitou-Charentes Google Scholar
Minter, F. 2005. SF-AFF8C5: A Bronze Age dagger. Available from http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/113566 Google Scholar
Mortimer, J.R. 1905. Forty Years’ Researches in British and Anglo-Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire. London: Brown & Sons Google Scholar
Mortimer, J.R. 1908. Note on a British Burial at Middleton-on-the-Wolds. Naturalist 618, 230–231 Google Scholar
Mottes, E. 2001. Bell Beakers and beyond: flint daggers of northern Italy between technology and typology. In Nicolis (ed.), 2001, 519–45Google Scholar
Müller, S. 1902. Flintdolkene i den nordiske Stenalder. Copehagen: Nordiske Fortidsminder I Google Scholar
Myers, A. 2005. Some preliminary observations on the Mellor flint dagger. Available at http://www.mellorarchaeology-2000-2010.org.uk/pdfs/otherreports/2005%20UMAU%20Mellor%20Flint%20Dagger%20 Report%20Andrew%20Myers.pdf [Accessed 20 September 2013]Google Scholar
Myers, A. & Noble, P. 2009. On the discovery and regional context of an Early Bronze Age flint dagger at Mellor, Stockport. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 129, 173–182 Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2000. Power pulses across a cultural divide: cosmologically driven acquisition between Armorica and Wessex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66, 151–207 Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2004. Migdale-Marnock: sunburst of Scottish metallurgy. In I.A.G. Shepherd & G. Barclay, J. (eds), The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in their European context, 217–245. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2005. Transforming Beaker culture in north-west Europe; processes of fusion and fission. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71, 171–217 Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2012. Case and place for a British Chalcolithic. In Allen et al. (eds), 2012, 1–26.Google Scholar
Needham, S. forthcoming. Material and Spiritual Engagements: Britain and Ireland in the First Age of Metal. The Rhind Lectures 2011. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Nicolis, F. (ed). 2001. Bell Beakers today: Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy) 11–16 May 1998. Trento, Italy: Provincia Autonoma di Trento Servizio Beni Culturali Ufficio Beni Archeologici Google Scholar
NMAS. 1892. Catalogue of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (2nd edn). Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Nunn, G.R. 2006a. Replicating the Type 1C Neolithic Danish Dagger: Advanced flintknapping with Greg Nunn). Castle Valley, Utah: Paleo Technologies Google Scholar
Nunn, G.R. 2006b. Using the Jutland type IC Neolithic Danish Dagger as a model to replicate parallel, edge-to-edge pressure flaking. In J. Apel & K. Knutsson (eds), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies. Proceedings of a Symposium in Uppsala, August 20–24, 2003, 81–113. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis & the Department of Archaeology & Ancient History, Uppsala University Google Scholar
Ogden, W.S. 1909. [Cheetwood flint dagger]. Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society 27, 14 Google Scholar
Olausson, D.S. 2000. Talking axes, social daggers. In D.S. Olausson & H. Vandkilde (eds), Form, Function & Context: material culture studies in Scandinavian archaeology, 121–133. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International Google Scholar
Owles, E. 1970. Archaeology in Suffolk, 1967. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 31 (1), 72–83 Google Scholar
Owles, E. 1976. Archaeology in Suffolk, 1975. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 33 (3), 320–329 Google Scholar
Pacitto, A.L. 1969. The excavation of two Bronze Age burial mounds at Ferry Fryston in the west Riding of Yorkshire. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 295–306 Google Scholar
PAS. 2008. Portable Antiquities and Treasure Scheme Annual Report, 2008. London: Department of Portable Antiquities & Treasure, British Museum Google Scholar
Petch, J.A. 1924. Early Man in the District of Huddersfield. Huddersfield: Tolson Memorial Publications Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T.J. 1864. [Proceedings of the association June 8]. Journal of the British Archaeological Association 20, 340–352 Google Scholar
Pollitt, W. 1930. Bronze Age find at Southend-on-Sea. Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society 19, 311–313 Google Scholar
Price, H. 2004 [1942]. Search for Truth: http://www.harrypricewebsite.co.uk/ Google Scholar
PSAS. 1889. Donations to and purchases for the museum and library. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 23, 7–23 Google Scholar
PSAS. 1892–93. Purchases for the Museum. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 27, 6–14 Google Scholar
PSAS. 1967. Donations to and purchases for the Museum and Library. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 98, 326–357 Google Scholar
Pugh, R.B. & Crittall, E. (eds). 1957. Victoria History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. 1 (pt 1). London: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Radley, J. 1970a. The York hoard of flint tools, 1868 [1]. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 131–132 Google Scholar
Radley, J. 1970b. Yorkshire archaeological register, 1969. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 387–395 Google Scholar
RCAHMS. 1978. Lanarkshire: An inventory of the prehistoric and Roman monuments. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O Google Scholar
Ripper, S. & Beamish, M. 2012. Bogs, bodies and burnt mounds: visits to the Soar Wetlands in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78, 173–206 Google Scholar
Ritchie, G. & Shepherd, I.A.G. 1973. Beaker pottery and associated artifacts in south-west Scotland. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History & Antiquarian Society 50, 18–36 Google Scholar
Roberts, I. & Prudhoe, J. (eds). 2005. Ferrybridge Henge: the ritual landscape. Archaeological investigations at the site of the Holmfield interchange of the A1 motorway. Leeds: Archaeological Services WYAS Google Scholar
Robins, P. 2002. A late Neolithic flint hoard at Two Mile Bottom, Near Thetford, Norfolk. Lithics 23, 29–32 Google Scholar
Rudebeck, E. 1998. Flint extraction, axe offering, and the value of cortex. In M.R. Edmonds & C. Richards (eds), Understanding the Neolithic of North-western Europe, 312–327. Glasgow: Cruithne Press Google Scholar
Sarauw, T. 2007. Male symbols or warrior identities? The ‘archery burials’ of the Danish Bell Beaker Culture. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26 (1), 65–87 Google Scholar
Sarauw, T. 2008. Danish Bell Beaker pottery and flint daggers – the display of social identities. European Journal of Archaeology 11 (1), 23–47 Google Scholar
Saville, A. 1994. Caldecote. West Midlands Archaeology 37, 76–79 Google Scholar
Saville, A. 2012. Three Early Bronze Age flint daggers from north Northumberland and their typological context. Archaeologia Aeliana (5th Ser.) 41, 1–17 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1976. A Beaker dagger of flint from Montgomeryshire. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 26, 246–247 Google Scholar
Savory, H.N. 1980. Guide Catalogue of the Bronze Age Collections. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Google Scholar
Scott, J.G. 1962. Two flint daggers found in Scotland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 95, 304–305 Google Scholar
Shepherd, I.A.G. 1973. The V-Bored Buttons of Great Britain. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, I.A.G. 2009. The V-bored buttons of Great Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 335–369 Google Scholar
Sheppard, T. 1908. Recent additions: prehistoric and Roman antiquities. Hull: Hull Museum Publications 26, 4–7 Google Scholar
Sheppard, T. 1910. A rare type of flint dagger from Cottingham, East Yorks. Hull: Hull Museum Publications 70, 11–12 Google Scholar
Sheppard, T. 1920. The origins of the materials used in the manufacture of prehistoric stone weapons in East Yorkshire. East Riding Archaeological Society 23, ?40–?42 Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2008. Upper Largie and Dutch-Scottish connections during the Beaker period. In H. Fokkens, B.J. Coles, A. Van Gijn, J. Kleijne, H. Ponjee & C. Slappendel (eds), Between Foraging and Farming: an extended broad spectrum of papers presented to Leendern Louwe Kooijmans. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 40, 247–260 Google Scholar
Siemann, C. 2003. Flintdolche Norddeutschlands in ihrem grabrituellen Umfeld. Bonn: Habelt Google Scholar
Smedley, N. 1951. A notched flint dagger from Doncaster. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 37, 254–256 Google Scholar
Smith, R. 1919. [The chronology of flint daggers]. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 32 (1), 6–22 Google Scholar
Smith, R. 1920. Specimens from the Layton Collection, in Brentford Public Library. Archaeologia 69, 1–30 Google Scholar
Spindler, K. 1994. The Man in the Ice: the preserved body of a Neolithic man reveals the secrets of the Stone Age (translated by E. Osers). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Google Scholar
Stanton, W.I. 1989. Beaker Age deposits on Mendip at Charterhouse Warren Farm swallet and Bos swallet. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 18 (3), 395–399 Google Scholar
Stapert, D. & Johansen, L. 1999. Flint and pyrite:making fire in the Stone Age. Antiquity 73, 765–777 Google Scholar
Steiniger, D. 2010. The relation between copper and flint daggers in Chalcolithic Italy. In P. Anreiter, G. Goldenberg, K. Hanke, R. Krause, W. Leitner, F. Mathis, K. Nicolussi, K. Oeggl, E. Pernicka, M. Prast, J. Schibler, I. Schneider, H. Stadler, T. Stöllner, G. Tomedi & P. Tropper (eds), Mining in European History and its Impact on Environment and Human Societies – Proceedings for the 1st Mining in European History-Conference of the SFB-HIMAT, 12.–15. November 2009, Innsbruck, 151–156. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press Google Scholar
Strahm, C. 1961–1962. Geschäftete Dolchklingen des Spätneolithikums. Jahrbuch des Bernischen historischen Museums in Bern 41/42, 447–478 Google Scholar
Struve, K.W. 1955. Die Einzelgrabkultur in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag Google Scholar
Tester, P.J. 1969. A flint dagger from Bexley. Archaeologia Cantiana 69, 204–205 Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 1956. Material for the study of the prehistory of Bedfordshire I: the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Bedfordshire Archaeologist 1, 67–92 Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 1964. A gazetteer of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites and antiquities in Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal 2, 16–33 Google Scholar
Thompson, G.H. 1893. Notes on urn and flint spear head found at Amble. History of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 121–122 Google Scholar
Thurnam, J. 1871. On ancient British Barrows. Part II – round barrows. Archaeologia 43, 258–552 Google Scholar
Truckell, A.E. 1966. The Grierson collection, Thornhill, and its dispersal. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History & Antiquarian Society 43, 65–72 Google Scholar
Turner, W., Cox, J.C., Ward, J. & Salt, W.H. 1899. Ancient Remains, near Buxton. Buxton: C. F. Wardley Google Scholar
Tyacke, A. 1993. A dagger from Trengwainton, Madron. Cornish Archaeology 32, 142–143 Google Scholar
Tyacke, A. 2008. CORN-726021: A Neolithic dagger. Available from http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/240221 Google Scholar
van der Beek, Z. & Fokkens, H. 2001. 24 years after Oberried: the ‘Dutch Model’ reconsidered. In Nicolis (ed.), 2001, 301–8Google Scholar
van der Waals, J.D. 1991. Silex du Grand-Pressigny aux Pays-Bas. In Despriée et al. (eds), 1991, 193–200Google Scholar
van Gijn, A. 2010a. Flint in Focus: lithic biographies in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Leiden: Sidestone Google Scholar
van Gijn, A. 2010b. Not at all obsolete! The use of flint in the Bronze Age Netherlands. In B.V. Eriksen (ed.), Lithic Technology in Metal Using Societies, 45–60. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society Google Scholar
Vander Linden, M. 2012. The importance of being insular: Britain and Ireland in their north-western European context during the 3rd millennium BC. In Allen et al. (eds) 2012, 71–84Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 1996. From Stone to Bronze: the metalwork of the late Neolithic and earliest Bronze Age in Denmark. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 2001. Beaker representation in the Danish Late Neolithic. In Nicolis (ed) 2001, 333–60Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 2005. A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark: Practice, Identity and Connectivity. www.jungsteinSITE.de Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., Rahbek, U. & Rasmussen, K.L. 1996. Radiocarbon dating and the chronology of Bronze Age southern Scandinavia. Acta Archaeologica 67, 183–198 Google Scholar
Vine, P.M. 1982. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of the Upper Trent Basin. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 105 Google Scholar
Vyner, B. 2008. Research Agenda: the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age in West Yorkshire. Vol. 1. Wakefield: West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Google Scholar
Walker, J.W. 1934. Wakefield its History and People. Wakefield: West Yorkshire Printing Google Scholar
Warren, G., McIlreavy, D., Rathbone, S. & Walsh, P. 2009. Archaeological Excavations at Behy (E747) Stratigraphic Report. Dublin: University College Dublin School of Archaeology Google Scholar
Webley, L. & Hiller, J. 2009. A fen island in the Neolithic and Bronze Age: excavations at North Fen, Sutton, Cambridgeshire. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 98, 11–36 Google Scholar
Whitcombe, E. 2010. NMS-21A5A7: A Bronze Age dagger. Available from http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/397283 Google Scholar
Whitehouse, D.B. 1960. A flint dagger of the Early Bronze Age from Diglis, Worcestershire. Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society 37, 24–26 Google Scholar
Whittle, A.W.R., Healy, F. & Bayliss, A. 2011. Gathering Time: dating the Early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Williams-Freeman, J.P. 1934. Destruction. Transactions of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society 12, 208 Google Scholar
Wilson, C.M. 1972. Archaeological notes, 1971. Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 7, 3–20 Google Scholar
Wilson, D. 1851. Prehistoric Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh: Sutherland & Knox Google Scholar
Woodman, P.C., Finlay, N. & Anderson, E. 2006. The Archaeology of a Collection. The Keiller-Knowles Collection of the National Museum of Ireland. Bray: Wordwell Google Scholar
Woodward, A. 2002. Beads and Beakers: heirlooms and relics in the British Early Bronze Age. Antiquity 76, 1040–1047 Google Scholar
York, J. 2002. The life cycle of Bronze Age metalwork from the Thames. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21 (1), 77–92 Google Scholar
Yorkshire-Archaeological-Society. 2008. The Gorple dagger. Available from http://www.prehistory.yas.org.uk/content/gorple.html. [Accessed 4 May 2011]Google Scholar
Zápotocký, M. 1992. Streitäxte des mitteleuropäischen Äneolithikums. Weinheim: VCH Acta Humaniora Google Scholar
Zimmermann, T. 2007. Die ältesten kupferzeitlichen Bestattungen mit Dolchbeigabe: archäologische Untersuchungen in ausgewählten Modellregionen Alteuropas. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Frieman Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Frieman Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 360.7 KB