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The Clandon Barrow Finery: a Synopsis of Success in an Early Bronze Age World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Stuart Needham  and
Ann Woodward
Stuart Needham
Affiliation:
Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Archaeology & Numismatics, National Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3NP
Ann Woodward
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT
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Abstract

The famous assemblage of finery excavated by Edward Cunnington from Clandon Barrow, Dorset, in 1882 is usually held to be archetypal of the ‘Wessex culture’ and rich graves. Meticulous examination of the six artefacts and re-appraisal of comparative material casts a new light on the significance of the group. It does not represent a definable cultural package and instead points to a complex set of inter-relationships with ‘foreign’ lands achieved, above all, by plying varied maritime networks. Connections are shown to have run up the east coast of Britain, west towards the Irish Sea, and across the Channel to both Armorica and the Frisian coast. By contrast, links with inland Wessex were rather insubstantial. Questions are raised about the utility of the ‘Wessex’ label.

Although uncertain whether it was a grave group or some other ritual deposit, the assemblage can be seen in a positive light as a record of great exploits in distant travel. The material assembled came to stand for the success of the south Dorset community and its key personages as judged against the prime concerns of Early Bronze Age society. Its paramount importance is emphasised by the choice of site – a focally positioned, yet relatively isolated barrow within a dense monumental landscape and, moreover, a barrow that saw recurrent rejuvenation as part of a cycle of remembrance.

Résumé

Le célèbre assemblage de parures mis au jour par Edward Cunnington à Clandon Barrow, dans le Comté de Dorset en 1882, est généralement considéré comme étant l'archétype de la ‘culture Wessex’ et des tombeaux à riche mobilier. Un examen méticuleux des six objets façonnés et la ré-évaluation de matériaux comparables ont jeté une nouvelle lumière sur la signification de ce groupe. Il ne représente pas un tout culturel définissable mais, au contraire, renvoie à un ensemble complexe de relations multiples avec des terres ‘étrangères’ auquel on est arrivé, avant tout, en exploitant des réseaux maritimes variés. On démontre que des liaisons s'étaient développées le long de la côte est de la Grande-Bretagne, à l'ouest vers la mer d'Irlande et, à travers la Manche, vers l'Armorique et la côte frisonne. Par contraste les liens avec l'intérieur du Wessex étaient plutôt ténus. On soulève la question de l'utilité de l'étiquette ‘Wessex’.

Bien qu'un doute subsiste sur si c'était un mobilier de tombe ou quelque autre dépôt rituel, on peut considérer cet assemblage sous un angle positif comme étant le témoignage de grands exploits au cours de voyages lointains. Les matériaux rassemblés en sont venus à représenter le succès de la communauté du sud du Dorset et de ses personnages clés, jugés selon les préoccupations primordiales de la société de l'âge du bronze ancien. Son extrème importance est renforcée par le choix du site – un tumulus occupant une position centrale, et pourtant relativement isolé dans un paysage riche en monuments et, de plus, un tumulus qui a connu un rajeunissement récurrent dans le cadre d'un cycle de la mémoire.

Zusammenfassung

Das berühmte Schmuckinventar aus dem Clandon Hügelgrab in Dorset, das von Edward Cunnington 1882 ausgegraben wurde, wird gewöhnlich als archetypisch für die ‘Wessex Kultur’ und reiche Gräber angesehen. Eine sorgfältige Untersuchung von sechs Artefakten und eine Neubewertung von Vergleichsmaterial bringt neues Licht in die Diskussion zur Bedeutung der Gruppe. Obwohl sie kein definierbares kulturelles Paket darstellt, deutet sie auf ein komplexes Set von Beziehungen mit ‘fremden’ Ländern, das sich auf regelmäßig benutzte maritime Netzwerke gründete. Es werden Verbindungen aufgezeigt, die sich entlang der Ostküste Britanniens, westlich der Irischen See und über den Kanal in die Bretagne und zur Friesischen Küste erstreckten. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Verbindungen zum Landeinwärts gelegenen Wessex eher substanzlos. Weiterhin wird die Frage gestellt, ob die Bezeichnung ‘Wessex’ überhaupt nützlich ist. Obwohl es unsicher ist, ob es sich um eine Gräbergruppe oder eine andere Art ritueller Deponierung handelt, kann sie dennoch als ein Nachweis großer Heldentaten in ferne Ländern Reisen gesehen werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der Hauptinteressen der frühbronzezeitlichen Gemeinschaft kann das gesammelte Material als Erfolg der Gemeinschaft im südlichen Dorset und deren Hauptpersönlichkeiten angesehen werden. Seine überragende Bedeutung wird durch die Platzwahl betont – ein fokal positionierter, jedoch relativ isolierter Grabhügel innerhalb einer Landschaft mit sehr hoher Dichte an Baudenkmälern – und wichtiger noch, durch die Tatsache, dass der Grabhügel und das damit verbundene Gedenken zyklisch immer wieder benutzt wurde.

Résumen

El famoso conjunto de adornos excavado por Edward Cunnington en Clandon Barrow, Dorset, en 1882 es habitualmente considerado como arquetípico de la ‘Cultura Wessex’ y de enterramientos ricos. Un examen meticuloso de los seis artefactos y una reconsideración del material comparativo arroja nueva luz sobre la significación del grupo. No representa un paquete cultural definible sino que más bien apunta al establecimiento de un complejo conjunto de interrelaciones con tierras “extranjeras”, sobre todo a través de la utilización de variadas conexiones marítimas. Se demuestra que estas conexiones iban hacia el norte por la costa este británica, al oeste hacia el Mar de Irlanda, y cruzaban el Canal hasta Armorica y la costa Frisia. En contraste, los vínculos con Wessex eran bastante insustanciales. Se plantean dudas acerca de la utilidad de la clasificación ‘Wessex’.

Aunque es incierto si se trataba de un grupo funerario u otro tipo de depósito ritual, el alijo puede ser interpretado en una luz positiva como evidencia de grandes hazañas en viaje a distancia. El material recogido vino a representar el éxito de la comunidad del sur de Dorset y sus principales personajes, si se juzga por las preocupaciones principales de la sociedad de la Primera Edad del Bronce. Su absoluta importancia queda resaltada por la elección del lugar – un túmulo focalmente localizado, aunque relativamente aislado dentro de un denso paisaje monumental y, más aún, un túmulo que vio continuo rejuvenecimiento como parte de un ciclo de recuerdo.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 74 , 2008 , pp. 1 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2008

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