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Copper Mining in the Bronze Age at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, Wales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2021

David A. Jenkins ,
Simon Timberlake ,
Andrew Davidson ,
Kalla Mal ,
Peter Marshall ,
Tim Mighall ,
Charlotte O’Brien  and
David N. Smith
David A. Jenkins
Affiliation:
Llys Geraint, Bethesda, GwyneddLL57 4AX
Simon Timberlake
Affiliation:
Ashtree Cottage, 19, The High Street, Fen Ditton, CambridgeshireCB5 8ST
Andrew Davidson
Affiliation:
Gwynedd Archaeological Trust, Craig Beuno, Garth Road, Bangor, GwyneddLL57 2RT. Email: [email protected]
Kalla Mal
Affiliation:
Department of Classics, Ancient History & Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT
Peter Marshall
Affiliation:
Department of Classics, Ancient History & Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT
Tim Mighall
Affiliation:
Department of Geography & Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, AberdeenAB24 3UF
Charlotte O’Brien
Affiliation:
Archaeological Services, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, DurhamDH1 3LE
David N. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Classics, Ancient History & Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT
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Abstract

The Bronze Age in Britain is now a term often used to include both the first use of copper c. 2400 bc and also tin-bronze from c. 2100 bc, all of which required the extensive use of copper. Prehistoric mining for this metal has been identified in surface and underground workings in Parys Mine, Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, although almost all of the surface workings are now obscured by the extensive deep spoil from more recent mining in the industrial period. These copper-bearing ores are in bedded lodes, together with some intruded vein deposits. The Bronze Age workings have been exposed underground where they have been intersected by the early 19th century industrial workings on and above the 16 fathom and 20 fathom levels in the Parys Mine. Spoil exposures contain stone hammers (‘mauls’), wood fragments, and charcoal; samples of the latter have been radiocarbon dated with chronological modelling suggesting activity took place in the first half of the 2nd millennium cal bc. Although relatively limited in extent, these important prehistoric mining sites are among the earliest found in the UK. They have survived due to their protection from surface erosion and limited accessibility.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Extraction du cuivre à l‘âge du Bronze à Myndd Parys, Anglesey, Pays de galles, de David. A. Jenkins

L’âge du Bronze en Grande Bretagne est un terme fréqemment utilisé pour inclure à la fois le premier usage du cuivre env. 2400 av J.-C. et ausi le bronze d’étain env. 2100 av. J.-C., qui necessitaient tous l’usage extensif du cuivre. L’extraction de ce métal à la préhistoire a été identifiée en surface et sous terre dans des ouvrages dans la mine de de Parys, Myndd Parys, Anglesey, bien que les travaux en surface sont maintenant obscurcis par des débris étendus et épais d’extraction plus récente à la période indusdtrielle. Ces minerais porteurs de cuivre sont enfouis dans dans des couches avec des dépôts de veines introduits. Les ouvrages de l’âge du Bronze ont été exposés sous terre là où ils ont croisé les ouvrages industriels du début du 19ième siècle au niveau de la 16ième et de la 20ième brasse dans la mine de Parys. Les rejets exposés contiennent des marteaux de pierre (massues), des fragments de bois et des charbons de bois; des échantillons de ces derniers ont étés datés au C14 avec un modèle chronologique suggérant que l’activité avait pris place dans la première moitié du deuxième millénaire av J.C. Bien que relativement limités en étendue ces importants sites miniers préhistoriques sont parmi les plus anciens trouvés au Royaume Uni. Ils ont survécu grâce à de leur protrection de l’érosion en surface et leur accès restreint.

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Kupferbergbau in der Bronzezeit in Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, Wales, von David A. Jenkins

Die Bronzezeit in Großbritannien ist heute ein Begriff, der oft verwendet wird, um sowohl die erste Verwendung von Kupfer um 2400 v. Chr. Als auch die Zinnbronze ab ca. 2100 v. Chr. Einzuschließen, die jeweils die umfangreiche Verwendung von Kupfer erforderten. Der prähistorische Abbau dieses Metalls wurde in der Parys Mine, Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, in übertägigen und untertägigen Gruben nachgewiesen, obwohl fast alle der übertägigen Gruben heute durch den umfangreichen Abraum des jüngeren Bergbaus aus dem industriellen Zeitalter verdeckt sind. Die kupferhaltigen Erze befinden sich in Lagergängen, zusammen mit einigen eingebetteten Ganglagerstätten. Die bronzezeitlichen Abbaustätten wurden unter Tage dort freigelegt, wo sie von den industriellen Abbaustätten des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts auf und oberhalb der 16-Faden- und 20-Faden-Sohle in der Parys-Mine durchschnitten wurden. Die Abraumfunde enthalten Steinhämmer („Schlägel“), Holzfragmente und Holzkohle; Proben der letzteren wurden mit Radiokohlenstoff datiert, wobei die chronologische Modellierung darauf hindeutet, dass die Aktivität in der ersten Hälfte des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. Stattfand. Auch wenn die Ausdehnung relativ gering ist, gehören diese wichtigen prähistorischen Bergbaustätten zu den frühesten in Großbritannien gefundenen. Sie haben aufgrund ihres Schutzes vor Oberflächenerosion und ihrer begrenzten Zugänglichkeit überlebt.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Minería del cobre en la Edad del Bronce en Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, Gales, por David A. Jenkins

La Edad del Bronce en Gran Bretaña es un término que se emplea para incluir tanto el primer uso del cobre en torno al 2400 bc como el uso de las aleaciones de bronce y estaño a partir del 2100 bc, las cuales requieren una amplia utilización de cobre. La minería prehistórica de este metal se ha identificado en explotaciones superficiales y subterráneas en la mina de Parys, Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, aunque la mayor parte de los trabajos superficiales se encuentran en la actualidad ocultados por las extensivas y agresivas explotaciones mineras modernas durante el período industrial. Estos minerales que contienen cobre se encuentran en vetas estratificadas, junto con algunos depósitos de vetas intrusivas. Las extracciones adscritas a la Edad del Bronce se descubrieron en el subsuelo y fueron alteradas por las actividades industriales de principios del siglo XIX por encima de los niveles de 16 y 20 brazas en la mina de Parys. Las alteraciones producidas han permitido identificar mazas de piedra, fragmentos de madera y carbón; muestras de este último material han sido datadas por radiocarbono, y los modelos cronológicos sugieren que la actividad tuvo lugar en la primera mitad del II milenio cal bc. Aunque la extensión es relativamente limitada, estos importantes sitios mineros prehistóricos están entre los primeros documentados en Reino Unido. Estos restos se han conservado ya que estaban protegidos de la erosión superficial y con una limitada accesibilidad.

Keywords

copper miningBronze AgeMynydd Parysradiocarbon dating
Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 87 , December 2021 , pp. 261 - 291
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

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