Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:23:43.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What processes are involved in the appetite response to moderate increases in exercise-induced energy expenditure?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2008

Neil A. King
Neil A. King*
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
*
Corresponding author: Dr Neil A. King, fax +44 (0)113 2335749, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

It is intuitive that an energy deficit induced by exercise induces an automatic increased drive for food (hunger and energy intake). However, the absence of a compensatory increase in energy intake (EI) in response to an exercise-induced increase in energy expenditure (EE) is now well documented. Thus, there is a weak coupling between exercise-induced increases in EE and EI. One paradox related to the phenomenon of a weak coupling between the exercise-induced EE and EI is the observation of a positive relationship between physical activity and food intake in the long-term free-living situation (i.e. tight coupling between EE and EI). It is possible, therefore, that a period of transition (uncoupling) occurs in the short-term, before a steady-state (coupling) condition is achieved. It is likely that a combination of physiological and behavioural adaptations occur in order to achieve a tight coupling between EE and EI. The precise physiological and behavioural changes that take place to obtain a new equilibrium (i.e. coupling between EE and EI) are still undetermined. The expectation that exercise-induced increases in EE should drive up hunger and food intake tends to be based on the concept of a strong coupling between physiology and behaviour. However, because of the individual's strong volitional control over eating behaviour, the psychological influences on the appetite response to exercise should not be undervalued. The psychological position of the individual (e.g. dietary restraint, food-related cognitions, reasons for exercising) could have a very strong influence on the food intake response to exercise. Misjudgements concerning the energy value of the food (EI) relative to the energy value of the exercise (EE) could be one possibility why exercise fails to be a successful method of weight loss for some individuals.

Keywords

ExercisePhysical activityFood intake
Type
Nutrition and Behaviour Group Symposium on ‘The relationship between physical activity patterns and patterns of food, energy and nutrient intake’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 58 , Issue 1 , February 1999 , pp. 107 - 113
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

References

Almeras, N, Mimeault, N, Serresse, O, Boulay, MR & Tremblay, A (1991) Non-exercise daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in male endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 184–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE (1991) The biology of appetite. Clinical Applied Nutrition 1, 21–31.Google Scholar
Blundell, JE, Cotton, JR, Delargy, H, Green, S, Greenhough, A, King, NA & Lawton, CL (1995) The fat paradox: fat-induced satiety signals versus high fat overconsumption. International Journal of Obesity 19, 832–835.Google ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE & King, NA (1996) Overconsumption as a cause of weight gain: behavioural-physiological interactions in the control of food intake (appetite) In The Origins and Consequences of Obesity, pp. 138–158 [Chadwick, DJ and Cardew, G, editors]. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Blundell, JE & King, NA (1998) Effects of exercise on appetite control: loose coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity 22, 522–529.Google ScholarPubMed
Delargy, HD, Burley, VJ, Sullivan, KR, Fletcher, RJ & Blundell, JE (1995) Effects of different soluble:insoluble fibre ratios at breakfast on 24-h pattern of dietary intake and satiety. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 754–766.Google ScholarPubMed
Flatt, JP (1987) Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, GB & Welle, SL (1983) Lean body mass in obesity. International Journal of Obesity 7, 99–107.Google ScholarPubMed
French, SA, Jeffery, RW & Wing, RR (1994) Food intake and physical activity: a comparison of three measures of dieting. Addictive Behaviour 19, 401–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilsenan, MB, Murgatroyd, PR, Leahy, FE, Goldberg, G & Prentice, AM (1998) The response of energy intake and macronutrient balance to manipulations of physical activity levels in lean men. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 19A.Google Scholar
Green, SM, Burley, SM & Blundell, JE (1994) Effect of fat- and sucrose-containing foods on the size of eating episodes and energy intake in lean males: potential for causing overconsumption. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 547–555.Google ScholarPubMed
Herman, CP & Mack, D (1975) Restrained and unrestrained eating. Journal of Personality 43, 647–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, CP & Polivy, J (1975) Anxiety, restraint and eating behaviour. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84, 666–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, JO, Melby, C, Johnson, SL & Peters, JC (1995) Physical activity and energy requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, Suppl., 1059S–1066S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubert, P, King, NA & Blundell, JE (1998) Uncoupling the effects of energy expenditure and energy intake: appetite response to short-term energy deficit induced by meal omission and physical activity. Appetite 31, 9–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imbeault, P, Saint-Pierre, S, Almeras, N & Tremblay, A (1997) Acute effects of exercise on energy intake and feeding behaviour. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 511–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janssen, GME, de Graaf, CJJ & Saris, WHM (1989) Food intake and body composition in novice athletes during a training period to run a marathon. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10, S17–S21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanarek, RB, Ryu, M & Przypek, J (1995) Preferences for foods with varying levels of salt and fat differ as a function of dietary restraint and exercise but not menstrual cycle. Physiology and Behavior 57, 821–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzel, LI, Bleecker, ER, Colman, EG, Rogus, EM, Sorkin, JD & Goldberg, AP (1995) Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. Journal of the American Medical Association 274, 1915–1921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, NA & Blundell, JE (1995) High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure due to exercise after cycling and running. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 114–123.Google Scholar
King, NA, Burley, VJ & Blundell, JE (1994) Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: Effects on food intake and implications for energy balance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 715–724.Google ScholarPubMed
King, NA, Lluch, A, Stubbs, RJ & Blundell, JE (1997 a) High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 478–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, NA, Snell, L, Smith, RD & Blundell, JE (1996) Effects of short-term exercise on appetite response in unrestrained females. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 663–667.Google ScholarPubMed
King, NA, Tremblay, A & Blundell, JE (1997 b) Effects of exercise on appetite control: implications for energy balance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, 1076–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kissileff, HR, Pi-Sunyer, XF, Segal, K, Meltzer, S & Foelsch, PA (1990) Acute effects of exercise on food intake in obese and non-obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 240–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klesges, RG, Isbell, TR & Klesges, LM (1992) Relationship between dietary restraint, intake, physical activity and body weight: a prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 668–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavin, JH, Read, NW, Nwajiaku, J, Stafford, PR & French, S (1998) The effect of exercise on subsequent feeding behaviour. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 19A.Google Scholar
Lawton, CL, Burley, VJ, Wales, JK & Blundell, JE (1993) Dietary fat and appetite control in obese subjects: weak effects on satiation and satiety. International Journal of Obesity 17, 409–416.Google Scholar
Leibel, RL & Hirsch, J (1984) Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese-patients. Metabolism 33, 164–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leibel, RL, Rosenbaum, M & Hirsch, J (1995) Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. New England Journal of Medicine 332, 621–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieber, DC, Lieber, RL & Adams, WC (1989) Effects of run-training and swim-training at similar absolute intensities on treadmill VO2max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 655–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lluch, A, King, NA, Lipsey, Z & Blundell, JE (1998) Comparison of the short-term effects of exercise on food hedonics and food consumption in dietary restrained and unrestrained females. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 20A.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ, Robertson, JD & Bruce, AC (1989) Dietary energy and carbohydrate intakes of runners in relation to training load. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48, 170A.Google Scholar
Mayer, J, Roy, P & Mitra, KP (1956) Relationship between caloric intake, body weight and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4, 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poppitt, SD & Prentice, AM (1995) Energy density of diets and obesity. International Journal of Obesity 19, Suppl., S20–S26.Google ScholarPubMed
Reger, WE & Alison, TG (1987) Exercise and appetite. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, S38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reger, WE, Allison, TA & Kurucz, RL (1986) Exercise, post-exercise metabolic rate and appetite. Sport Health and Nutrition 2, 117–123.Google Scholar
Saris, WHM (1997) Limits of human endurance: lessons from the tour de France. In Physiology, Stress and Malnutrition: Functional Correlates and Nutritional Intervention, pp. 451–462 [Kinney, JM and Tucker, HN, editors]. Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott–Raven.Google Scholar
Schlundt, DG, Hill, JO, Sbrocco, T, Pope-Cardle, J & Kasser, T (1990) Obesity: a biogenetic or biobehavioural problem. International Journal of Obesity 14, 815–828.Google ScholarPubMed
Snitker, S, Larson, DE, Tataranni, PA & Ravussin, E (1997) Ad libitum food intake in humans after manipulation of glycogen stores. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 941–946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Harbron, CG, Murgatroyd, PR & Prentice, AM (1995 a) Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 316–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Ritz, P, Coward, WA & Prentice, AM (1995 b) Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free-living men eating ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 330–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, DA, Wolfe, LA & Eikelboom, R (1988) Acute effects of exercise intensity on appetite in young men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 222–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A, Almeras, N, Boer, J, Kranenbarg, EK & Despres, JP (1994) Diet composition and postexercise energy balance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 975–979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verger, P, Lanteaume, MT & Louis-Sylvestre, J (1992) Human intake and choice of foods at intervals after exercise. Appetite 18, 93–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verger, P, Lanteaume, MT & Louis-Sylvestre, J (1994) Free food choice after acute exercise in men. Appetite 22, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weigle, DS (1988) Contribution of decreased body mass to diminished thermic effect of exercise in reduced-obese men. International Journal of Obesity 12, 567–578.Google ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Verwegen, CRT, Ijedema, MJW, Wijckmans, NEG & Saris, WHM (1997) Acute effects of exercise or sauna on appetite in obese and nonobese men. Physiology and Behavior 62, 1345–1354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp, KR & Saris, WHM (1991) Limits of energy turnover in relation to physical performance, achievement of energy balance on a daily basis. Journal of Sports Science 9, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp, KR, Verboeket-Van de Venne, WPHG, Meijer, GAL & ten Hoor, F (1991) Self-reported intake as a measure for energy intake: a validation against doubly labelled water. In Obesity in Europe 91, pp. 17–22 [Ailhaud, G, editor]. London: John Libbey & Co.Google Scholar
Woo, R, Garrow, JS & Pi-Sunyer, FX (1982 a) Effect of exercise on spontaneous calorie intake in obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 470–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woo, R, Garrow, JS & Pi-Sunyer, FX (1982 b) Voluntary food intake during prolonged exercise in obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 478–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, PD, Haskell, WL & Terry, RB (1982) Effects of a two-year running program on plasma lipoproteins, body fat and dietary intake in initially sedentary men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14, 104 AbstrCrossRefGoogle Scholar