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Physical activity and resting metabolic rate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

John R. Speakman  and
Colin Selman
John R. Speakman*
Affiliation:
Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, Division of Energy Balance and Obesity, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
Colin Selman*
Affiliation:
Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Professor John Speakman, fax +44 1224 272396, [email protected]
†Present address: Insulin and Growth Factor Signalling Group, Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK.
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Abstract

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The direct effects of physical activity interventions on energy expenditure are relatively small when placed in the context of total daily energy demands. Hence, the suggestion has been made that exercise produces energetic benefits in other components of the daily energy budget, thus generating a net effect on energy balance much greater than the direct energy cost of the exercise alone. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and, therefore, any increases in RMR in response to exercise interventions are potentially of great importance. Animal studies have generally shown that single exercise events and longer-term training produce increases in RMR. This effect is observed in longer-term interventions despite parallel decreases in body mass and fat mass. Flight is an exception, as both single flights and long-term flight training induce reductions in RMR. Studies in animals that measure the effect of voluntary exercise regimens on RMR are less commonly performed and do not show the same response as that to forced exercise. In particular, they indicate that exercise does not induce elevations in RMR. Many studies of human subjects indicate a short-term elevation in RMR in response to single exercise events (generally termed the excess post-exercise O2 consumption; EPOC). This EPOC appears to have two phases, one lasting 2 h and a smaller much more prolonged effect lasting up to 48 h. Many studies have shown that long-term training increases RMR, but many other studies have failed to find such effects. Data concerning long-term effects of training are potentially confounded by some studies not leaving sufficient time after the last exercise bout for the termination of the long-term EPOC. Long-term effects of training include increases in RMR due to increases in lean muscle mass. Extreme interventions, however, may induce reductions in RMR, in spite of the increased lean tissue mass, similar to the changes observed in animals in response to flight.

Keywords

Energy expenditurePhysical activityNon-exercise activity thermogenesisExcess post-exercise Oj consumptionTrainingExercise
Type
Meeting Report
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 62 , Issue 3 , August 2003 , pp. 621 - 634
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

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