Evaluation of Ireland's food guide to healthy eating concluded that guidance on energy requirements for different age and gender groups needs to be included in the newly revised dietary guidelines(Reference McFeely1). This approach requires more specific and quantitative advice on appropriate food choices.
Energy goals were set according to age and gender requirements at sedentary and moderate activity levels. Well-established goals for macronutrients(2), fibre(3, Reference Williams4), Fe(5), Ca(6) and vitamin D(6) were set. An iterative approach was used to develop 22 4-day food intake patterns that would meet these goals for males and females representing different age groups (5–12 years, 13–18 years, 19–50 years and 51+ years). Input from dieticians specialising in pediatrics and geriatrics was incorporated to ensure the food intake patterns were appropriate.
Energy intakes were achieved within 0.04 MJ of the energy goals. Total fat provided 26–35% energy; saturated fat provided 8–11% energy and non-milk extrinsic sugar intakes were below 10% energy(7). Fibre goals were achieved except for women with lower energy requirements (⩽8.1 MJ). Fe reached estimated average requirements (EAR) for all meal patterns. Adequate intakes for Ca were reached, except for 9–10 year olds who have a high requirement (1300 mg/d) relative to their energy needs. Vitamin D intakes remained inadequate for all age and gender groups.
The table shows the recommended number of servings required from each of the major food groups to achieve a healthy diet. Setting energy requirements for sedentary levels of activity was deemed inappropriate for children.
* Estimated energy requirements for sedentary and moderate levels of physical activity were based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Dietary Reference Intakes report 2002 for ‘referenced sized individuals'. ‘Reference size’ as determined by IOM is based on the median height and weight for age up to 18 years of age and median height and weight for that height to give a BMI of 21.5 for adult females and 22.5 for adult males.
Qualitative recommendations were also included in the newly revised dietary guidelines. Sugar and preserves should only be sparingly used to make high-fibre cereals and breads more palatable. Other foods such as cake, confectionery, soft drinks, etc., should be limited to occasional use. Finally, a daily supplement of vitamin D is recommended for everyone living in Ireland (5 μg for 5–50 years, 10 μg for 51+ years).
