A high vegetable consumption is associated with many health benefits, yet vegetable consumption across Europe is lower than recommended for health reasons, particularly in adolescents(1). Low vegetable consumption is often attributed to the bitter taste of many vegetables(Reference Brug, Tak, te Velde, Bere and de Bourdeaudhuij2, Reference Larson, Neumark-Sztainer, Harnack, Wall, Story and Eisenberg3), yet not all vegetables are bitter-tasting and not all bitter tastes are disliked. This study investigated the individual characteristics and attitudes associated with the liking for and regular consumption of four bitter and four sweet vegetables in European adolescents.
Questionnaire data were collected from 736 adolescents (aged 12–19 years) from Denmark (N = 178), France (N = 206), Italy (N = 197) and the UK (N = 155). Data were collected on liking for and regular consumption of eleven frequently consumed vegetables (4 bitter vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, green salad and spinach(Reference Martin, Visalli, Lange, Schlich and Issanchou4); 4 sweet vegetables: carrot, peas, sweetcorn and tomato(Reference Martin, Visalli, Lange, Schlich and Issanchou4); and 3 neither bitter nor sweet vegetables: courgette, green beans, other beans(Reference Martin, Visalli, Lange, Schlich and Issanchou4)), demographic characteristics: gender, age, family social affluence; and individual healthy eating habits (Adolescent Food Habits Checklist), food neophobia (fear of novel foods) (Food Neophobia Scale), dietary restraint (Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire), and food choice motives (Food Choice Questionnaire).
Using regression, the regular consumption of both bitter and sweet vegetables was associated with higher healthy eating habits (smallest β = 0·10, p = 0·01) and a higher liking for bitter/sweet vegetables respectively (smallest β = 0·50, p < 0·01). Higher liking for bitter vegetables was associated with a lower food neophobia and higher motivations to consume natural foods (smallest β = 0·09, p < 0·01). Higher liking for sweet vegetables was associated also with a lower food neophobia, and with higher healthy eating habits and higher motivations to consume foods for sensory reasons (smallest β = 0·10, p < 0·01). Some effects of gender and country were also found.
These findings suggest that strategies to increase vegetable consumption in adolescents should focus on increasing healthy eating, and increasing vegetable liking. Various techniques can be used to change taste preferences(Reference Wadhera, Capaldi-Philips and Wilkie5). From our data, increasing liking for both bitter and sweet vegetables may also benefit from strategies to reduce neophobia. Liking for bitter vegetables may benefit also from increasing motivations to consume natural foods, while liking for sweet vegetables may benefit also from increasing healthy eating and from increasing motivations to consume foods for sensory reasons.
