Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:36:51.077Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Zoo of Galaxies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Karen L. Masters
Karen L. Masters*
Affiliation:
Institute for Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK email: [email protected] South East Physics Network, www.sepnet.ac.uk
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

We live in a universe filled with galaxies with an amazing variety of sizes and shapes. One of the biggest challenges for astronomers working in this field is to understand how all these types relate to each other in the background of an expanding universe. Modern astronomical surveys (like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey) have revolutionised this field of astronomy, by providing vast numbers of galaxies to study. The sheer size of the these databases made traditional visual classification of the types galaxies impossible and in 2007 inspired the Galaxy Zoo project (www.galaxyzoo.org); starting the largest ever scientific collaboration by asking members of the public to help classify galaxies by type and shape. Galaxy Zoo has since shown itself, in a series of now more than 30 scientific papers, to be a fantastic database for the study of galaxy evolution. In this Invited Discourse I spoke a little about the historical background of our understanding of what galaxies are, of galaxy classification, about our modern view of galaxies in the era of large surveys. I finish with showcasing some of the contributions galaxy classifications from the Galaxy Zoo project are making to our understanding of galaxy evolution.

Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 10 , Highlights H16: Highlights of Astronomy , August 2012 , pp. 1 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2015 

References

Abazajian, K. N., Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., et al. 2009, ApJS, 182, 543Google Scholar
Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., Allam, S. S., et al. 2008, ApJS, 175, 297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguerri, J. A. L., Méndez-Abreu, J., & Corsini, E. M. 2009, A&A, 495, 491Google Scholar
Aihara, H., Allende Prieto, C., An, D., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 29Google Scholar
Athanassoula, E. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 1179Google Scholar
Baldry, I. K., Glazebrook, K., Brinkmann, J., Ivezić, Ž., Lupton, R. H., Nichol, R. C., & Szalay, A. S. 2004, ApJj, 600, 681Google Scholar
Bell, E. F., McIntosh, D. H., Katz, N., & Weinberg, M. D. 2003, ApJS, 149, 289Google Scholar
Bell, E. F., Wolf, C., Meisenheimer, K., et al. 2004, ApJ, 608, 752Google Scholar
Balogh, M. L., Navarro, J. F., & Morris, S. L. 2000, ApJ, 540, 113Google Scholar
Balogh, M. L., Baldry, I. K., Nichol, R., et al. 2004, ApJL, 615, L101Google Scholar
Bamford, S. P., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 393, 1324Google Scholar
Banerji, M., Lahav, O., Lintott, C. J., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 406, 342Google Scholar
Barazza, F. D., Jogee, S., & Marinova, I. 2008, ApJ, 675, 1194Google Scholar
Bekki, K., Couch, W. J., & Shioya, Y. 2002, ApJ, 577, 651Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. A. 2008, Massive Star Formation: Observations Confront Theory, 387, 375Google Scholar
Bundy, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 719, 1969Google Scholar
Buta, R. J. 2011, in Planets, Stars, and Stellar Systems, Vol. 6, Series Editor Oswalt, T. D., Volume editor Keel, W. C., Springer (arXiv:1102.0550)Google Scholar
Cardamone, C., Schawinski, K., Sarzi, M., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 1191Google Scholar
Casteels, K. R. V., Bamford, S. P., Skibba, R. A., et al. 2012, MNRAS (submitted: arXiv:1206.5020)Google Scholar
Combes, F. 2008, in Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges, Proceedings of IAU Symposium, 245, Eds Bureau, M., Athanassoula, E. and Barbuy, B.Google Scholar
Darg, D. W., Kaviraj, S., Lintott, C. J., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 1043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darg, D. W., Kaviraj, S., Lintott, C. J., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 1552Google Scholar
Darg, D. W., Kaviraj, S., Lintott, C. J., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 1745CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, K. S., Schlegel, D. J., Ahn, C. P., et al. 2012, AJ (submitted; arXiv:1208.0022)Google Scholar
de Lapparent, V., Geller, M. J., & Huchra, J. P. 1986, ApJL, 302, L1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, S. L., Nair, P., Patton, D. R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 2182Google Scholar
Fortson, L., Masters, K., Nichol, R., et al. 2012, Advances in Machine Learning and Data Mining for Astronomy, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Eds.: Way, Michael J., Scargle, Jeffrey D., Ali, Kamal M., Srivastava, Ashok N., p. 213–236, 213 (arXiv:1104.5513)Google Scholar
Giordano, L., Tran, K. V. H., Moore, B., & Saintonge, A. 2012, ApJ (submitted; arXiv:1002.3167)Google Scholar
Giovanelli, R., et al. 2005, AJ, 130, 2598Google Scholar
Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., Martin, A. M., et al. 2011, AJ 142 170 (α40)Google Scholar
Herschel, W. 1785, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 75, 213–266Google Scholar
Ho, L. C., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 1997, ApJ, 487, 591Google Scholar
Hoyle, B., Masters, K. L., Nichol, R. C., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 3627Google Scholar
Hoyle, B., Masters, K. L., Nichol, R. C., Jimenez, R., & Bamford, S. P. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 3478Google Scholar
Hubble, E. P. 1927, The Observatory, 50, 276Google Scholar
Hubble, E. P. 1936, Realm of the Nebulae, by Hubble, E. P.. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936. ISBN 9780300025002Google Scholar
Jimenez, R., Slosar, A., Verde, L., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 975Google Scholar
Kauffmann, G., Heckman, T. M., White, S. D. M., et al. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 54Google Scholar
Kaviraj, S., Ting, Y.-S., Bureau, M., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keel, W. C., Chojnowski, S. D., Bennert, V. N., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 420, 878Google Scholar
Kormendy, J. & Kennicutt, R. C. Jr. 2004, ARA&A, 42, 603Google Scholar
Land, K., Slosar, A., Lintott, C. J., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 388, 1686Google Scholar
Larson, R. B., Tinsley, B. M., & Caldwell, C. N. 1980, ApJ, 237, 692Google Scholar
Lintott, C. J., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 389, 1179Google Scholar
Lintott, C. J., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 166Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., Giovanelli, R., & Haynes, M. P. 2003, AJ, 126, 158.Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., & Springob, C. M. 2006, ApJ.Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., et al. 2010a, MNRAS 404, 792.Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., et al. 2010b, MNRAS 405, 783.Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 2026Google Scholar
Masters, K. L., Nichol, R. C., Haynes, M. P., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 424, 2180Google Scholar
Messier, C. 1781, Connoissance des Temps for 1784, p. 227–267, 227Google Scholar
Nair, P. B. & Abraham, R. G. 2010b, ApJL, 714, L260Google Scholar
Oh, S., Oh, K., & Yi, S. K. 2012, ApJS, 198, 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putman, M. E., Peek, J. E. G., & Joung, M. R. 2012, ARA&A, 50, 491Google Scholar
Raddick, M. J., Bracey, G., Gay, P. L., et al. 2010, Astronomy Education Review, 9, 010103Google Scholar
Roberts, M. S. & Haynes, M. P. 1994, ARA&A, 32, 115Google Scholar
Schawinski, K., Thomas, D., Sarzi, M., Maraston, C., Kaviraj, S., Joo, S.-J., Yi, S. K., Silk, J. 2007, MNRAS, 382, 1415Google Scholar
Schawinski, K., Lintott, C., Thomas, D., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 396, 818CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schawinski, K., Urry, C. M., Virani, S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 711, 284Google Scholar
Simmons, B. D., Lintott, C., Schawinski, K., et al. 2012, MNRAS (submitted; arXiv:1207.4190)Google Scholar
Shabala, S. S., Ting, Y.-S., Kaviraj, S., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 59Google Scholar
Sheth, K., Vogel, S. N., Regan, M. W., Thornley, M. D., & Teuben, P. J. 2005, ApJ, 632, 217Google Scholar
Sheth, K., et al. 2008, ApJ, 675, 1141Google Scholar
Slosar, A., Land, K., Bamford, S., et al. 2009, MNRAS 392, 1225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skibba, R. A., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 966Google Scholar
Skibba, R. A., Masters, K. L., Nichol, R. C., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 1485Google Scholar
Smith, A. M., Lynn, S., Sullivan, M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1309Google Scholar
Steinecke, W. 2012, Journal and Astronomical History and Heritage, 15 (1), 19–29.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, M. & Navarro, J. F. 2002, New Astronomy, 7, 155Google Scholar
Strateva, I., et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 1861Google Scholar
Strauss, M. A., et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 1810CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teng, S. H., Schawinski, K., Urry, C. M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 753, 165Google Scholar
Tojeiro, R., Masters, K. L., et al. 2012, MNRAS (submitted)Google Scholar
Trimble, V. 1995, PASP, 107, 1133Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S. 2011, AJ, 141, 188Google Scholar
Villa-Vargas, J., Shlosman, I., & Heller, C. 2010, ApJ, 719, 1470Google Scholar
Wong, O. I., Schawinski, K., Kaviraj, S., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 420, 1684CrossRefGoogle Scholar