Protostellar Disks, Planet Traps, and the Origins of Exoplanetary Systems

Abstract

The mass-semimajor axis diagram for exoplanets is populated by at least three distinct planetary populations: hot Jupiters at small orbital radii, more massive Jovian planets gathered at about 1 AU, and a rapidly growing population of SuperEarths at short periods. Our work shows that low mass and rapidly migrating planetary cores get trapped at disk inhomogeneities, where strong density or thermal gradients exist (namely dead zone boundaries, ice lines, and disk heating transition regions). Planet growth and movement occur at rates dictated by planetary accretion, and the slow radial inward motion of the traps due to falling disk accretion rates during disk evolution. By combining the theory of traps in evolving disks with standard ideas about how protoplanets accrete, we develop evolutionary tracks of how planets evolve in the mass- semimajor axis diagram. Our models account for the planetary “pile-up” at 1AU, the origin of SuperEarths and hot Jupiters, and the relative scarcity of Jovian planets at large distances.