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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2009
Let the equation of the four point system be
where h is a variable parameter and a, b, g, f and c are constants. The four fixed points are thus given by and . Since the quadrilateral is real g2>ac and f2>bc: it is convex if and have the same sign, i.e. if ab is positive, and concave if ab is negative.