A Systematic Review of PPE Recommendations for First Responders, and Medical Professionals to Nuclear Radiological Events at Nuclear Power Plants

Abstract

Introduction:

Due to climate change, many countries are exploring nuclear power as a clean, sustainable, and alternative energy source. However, radiophobia stemming from a history of major accidents at nuclear power plants (most recently Fukushima Daiichi) inhibits the expansion of this industry. In an unlikely event of a large-scale accident, the risks posed to humans are minimal when mitigation measures are followed. This includes appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for first responders, and medical professionals responding to these emergencies. An examination of the PPE recommendations for these scenarios will highlight best practices for minimizing exposures, and the effects of radiation.

Method:

A systematic literature review will provide a historical baseline of the PPE worn during previous nuclear power plant events. Additionally, current recommendations for PPE levels in response to these emergencies will be explored. Five databases will be utilized for this study, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS.

Results:

Many studies examine different types of nuclear radiological exposures, but few focus on nuclear power plant scenarios. More than 5,000 articles emerged from a preliminary survey of the five databases. However, less than 1% of them satisfied the extraction criteria, and reviewed PPE for nuclear power plant accidents. Medical responders caring for “exposed” individuals who present at Emergency Departments have minimal exposure once they’re decontaminated, and everyday PPE is maintained. However, data on PPE recommendations for on-site response remains unexplored. Airtight suits and full-face respirators emerged as industry gold standard for protection, but a closer examination of these types of suits, and responders' self-efficacy utilizing the gear would clarify their actual protective qualities.

Conclusion:

While nuclear power plant accidents do not occur often, many remain fearful of their impact. Maintaining proper PPE (including respiratory habiliment) for event responders is one way to minimize the adverse health effects of these nuclear radiological exposures.