Stress and Coping Strategies Among Those Affected by Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Epidemic in Sierra Leone, West Africa

Abstract

Introduction:

The 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa resulted in 28,000 infected and over 10,000 deaths. Sierra Leone was one of the hardest hit countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the coping strategies employed by those most affected by EVD and its related stressors in Sierra Leone.

Method:

228 EVD-infected individuals, EVD-affected individuals, and community leaders were recruited using purposive maximum variation sampling. Key-informant interviews (n=42) and focus group discussions (n=27) were conducted across five districts in Sierra Leone. Data were analyzed and coded inductively by a team of researchers, using Thematic Content Analysis using NVivo (k=0.80 or above for interrater reliability).

Results:

Participants described stressors, coping and support on four levels: individual, family, community, and society. On the individual level, theft and spoiled belongings were leading sources of stress while faith and spirituality were main sources of coping and support. On the familial level, lack of financial resources and inability to work emerged as primary stressors, while engaging with family was a main source of support. On the community level, social exclusion emerged as a prominent stressor and community reintegration as a source of support. On the societal level, participants' lack of governmental support and termination of support from NGOs emerged as stressors, and provision of formal material assistance as a source of support.

Conclusion:

In a widespread public health crisis, understanding people’s perceptions of the most salient stressors and sources of support can inform future responses. In this study, participants experienced stressors and support across multiple levels of the social ecology, such as grief and faith, household financial pressure and kinship care, and formal material resources for survivors. Results also showed the importance of community-led initiatives that addressed material needs, as well as social acceptance and social support.