Hostname: page-component-669899f699-7xsfk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T00:27:05.516Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Lasting Legacy of War: Epidemiology of Injuries from Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance in Afghanistan, 2002–2006

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2012

Oleg O. Bilukha ,
Muireann Brennan  and
Mark Anderson
Oleg O. Bilukha*
Affiliation:
International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Muireann Brennan
Affiliation:
International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Mark Anderson
Affiliation:
International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
*
National Center for Environmental HealthCenters for Disease Control and Prevention1600 Clifton Rd.Mailstop E-97Atlanta, Georgia 30333USA E-mail: OBilukha1@cdc.gov
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction:

Due to several decades of armed conflict and civil unrest, Afghanistan is one of the countries most affected by landmines and unexploded ordnance worldwide.

Objective:

The study was performed to assess the magnitude of injuries due to landmines and unexploded ordnance in Afghanistan during 2002–2006 and to describe epidemiological patterns and potential risk factors for these events.

Methods:

Surveillance data including 5,471 injuries caused by landmines and unexploded ordnance in Afghanistan during 2002-2006 were analyzed. The International Committee of the Red Cross collects data on such injuries from 490 reporting health facilities and volunteers throughout the country. These surveillance data were used to describe injury trends, victim demographics, injury types, risk behaviors, and explosive types related to landmine and unexploded ordnance accidents.

Results:

The largest number of injuries (1,706) occurred in 2002. The number declined sharply to 1,049 injuries in 2003, and remained relatively stable with slight decline thereafter. Overall, 92% of victims were civilians, 91% were males, and 47% were children < 18 years of age. The case-fatality ratio was 17%. Approximately 50% of all injuries were caused by unexploded ordnance and 42% by landmines. Among children, 65% of injuries were caused by unexploded ordnance and only 27% by landmines, whereas in adults, most injuries (56%) were caused by landmines. The most common risk behaviors among children were tending animals, playing, and tampering with explosive devices. In adults, most common risk behaviors were traveling, performing activities of economic necessity, and tampering with explosives. Twenty-eight percent of the surviving victims who received mine awareness training and 2% of those who did not receive such training reported that the area where event occurred was marked.

Conclusions:

The large number of injuries and high proportion of child victims suggest that clearance and risk education activities fall short of achieving their goals, and must be substantially improved or expanded. Especially concerning is the high proportion of injuries caused by unexploded ordnance, and the high number of injuries sustained while tampering with explosive devices. Because unexploded ordnance is more visible than are landmines, and ordnance contaminated areas are cheaper to clear than are minefields, these injuries are highly preventable and should be a priority for clearance and risk education efforts.

Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 23 , Issue 6 , December 2008 , pp. 493 - 499
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1.Bilukha, O, Brennan, M, Woodruff, B: Death and injury from landmines and unexploded ordnance in Afghanistan. JAMA 2003;290:650–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.International Campaign to Ban Landmines: Landmine Monitor Report 2005: Toward a Mine-Free World. Ottawa, Canada: Mine Action Canada, 2005.Google Scholar
3.International Campaign to Ban Landmines: Landmine Monitor Report 2006: Toward a Mine-Free World. Ottawa, Canada: Mine Action Canada, 2006.Google Scholar
4.Kakar, F, Bassani, F, Romer, CJ, Gunn, SW: The consequence of land mines on public health. Prehospital Disast Med 1996;11:2–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Office of Humanitarian Demining Program: Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis. Washington, DC: US Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs; 1998.Google Scholar
6.Gall, C: Farmers in Afghanistan face fields of bombs. New York Times. October 6, 2002:A15.Google Scholar
7.Bilukha, O, Brennan, M: Injuries and deaths caused by unexploded ordnance in Afghanistan: Review of surveillance data, 1997–2002. BMJ 2005;330:127–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Injuries associated with landmines and unexploded ordnance–Afghanistan, 1997–2002. MMWR 2003;52:859–862.Google Scholar
9. Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining: Information Management System for Mine Action. Available at http://www.gichd.ch/1225.0.html. Accessed 07 May 2007.Google Scholar
10.World Health Organization: Guidance for Surveillance of Injuries due to Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2000.Google Scholar
11.Kinra, S, Black, ME: Landmine related injuries in children of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991–2000: Comparison with adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:264–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Bilukha, O, Tsitsaev, Z, Ibragimov, R, Anderson, M, Brennan, M, Murtazaeva, E: Epidemiology of injuries and deaths from landmines and unexploded ordnance in Chechnya, 1994 through 2005. JAMA 2006; 296:516–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed