Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T21:27:18.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on music festival attendees

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2022

Maarit Kinnunen*
Affiliation:
Multidimensional Tourism Institute, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
Antti Honkanen
Affiliation:
University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Abstract

As festivals were cancelled or people were afraid of participating in mass gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic, the well-being effects of festival participation were missed. How can these missed hedonic, eudaimonic or social well-being impacts be described, and how has the prolonged absence of live music events and the cancellation of the festival summer influenced attitudes towards festivals? Research data comprised nearly 13,000 responses to the Finnish Festival Barometer 2020 at a time when all the large festivals had been cancelled. Clustering the COVID-19 related questions led to three segments named Covid-cautious, Music-driven and Experience-oriented. The findings indicate challenges for event organisers, particularly in terms of communality. The theoretical contribution of this study is in scrutinising the well-being effects of festival attendance at a time when festivals were banned. Thus, survey participants could say the factors they missed most, revealing the most important well-being dimensions for their festival attendance.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderton, C.B. 2006. ‘(Re)constructing music festival places’, PhD thesis (Swansea: Swansea University)Google Scholar
APM 2021. ‘El Sant Jordi acogerá el primer concierto masivo sin distancias el 27 de marzo’, La Asociación de Promotores Musicales, 5 March. https://www.apmusicales.com/el-sant-jordi-acogera-el-primer-concierto-masivo-sin-distancias-el-27-de-marzo/Google Scholar
Banks, M., and O'Connor, J. 2021. ‘“A plague upon your howling”: art and culture in the viral emergency’, Cultural Trends, 30, pp. 318CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, S. 2020. ‘Helsinki's huge VR gig hints at the potential of virtual tourism’, The Guardian, 5 May. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/may/05/helsinki-huge-vr-virtual-reality-gig-potential-virtual-tourismGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, T. 2009. ‘Joint attention to music’, British Journal of Aesthetics, 49, p. 297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coletto, D. 2020. ‘As the pandemic goes on, the threat to live music grows’, Abacus Data, 10 August. https://abacusdata.ca/live-music-threat-pandemic-music-canada/Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 2002. Flow: The Classic Work on How to Achieve Happiness (London, Rider).Google Scholar
Dalingwater, L., Constantine, I., and Champroux, M. 2019. ‘Wellbeing: political discourse and policy in the Anglosphere. Introduction’, Review Interventions Économiques, 62. doi: 10.4000/interventionseconomiques.6492Google Scholar
Davies, K. 2020. ‘Festivals post Covid-19’, Leisure Sciences. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000Google Scholar
David, S.A., Boniwell, I., and Conley Ayers, A. 2012. ‘Introduction’, in The Oxford Handbook of Happiness, ed. David, S.A., Boniwell, I. and Conley Ayers, A. (Oxford, Oxford University Press), pp. 18Google Scholar
Deloughry, R. 2021. ‘First corona-proof live DJ event takes place in Ziggo Dome’, IamExpat, 8 March. https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/first-corona-proof-live-dj-event-takes-place-ziggo-domeGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., and Ryan, K. 2009. ‘Subjective well-being: A general overview’, South African Journal of Psychology, 39, pp. 391406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, R., Daly, A.P., Huyton, J., and Sanders, L.D. 2012. ‘The challenge of defining well-being’, International Journal of Wellbeing, 2, pp. 222–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolnicar, S. 2002. ‘A review of data-driven market segmentation in tourism’, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12, pp. 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, M. 2000. ‘Lines of drift: Festival participation and performing a sense of place’, Popular Music, 19, pp. 5164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, M., and Mair, J. 2021. ‘Future trajectories of festival research’, Tourist Studies, 21, pp. 923CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dümcke, C. 2021. ‘Five months under COVID-19 in the cultural sector: a German perspective’, Cultural Trends, 30, 1927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, R., and Milfont, T.L. 2010. ‘Standardization in psychological research’, International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, pp. 8896CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenneaux, R., and Bennett, A. 2021. ‘A new paradigm of engagement for the socially distanced artist’, Rock Music Studies, 8, 6575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabrielsson, A. 2011. Strong Experiences with Music: Music is Much More than just Music (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Gallagher, M.W., Lopez, S.J., and Preacher, K.J. 2009. ‘The hierarchical structure of well-being’, Journal of Personality, 77, pp. 1025–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gloor, S. 2020. ‘Amplifying music: A gathering of perspectives on the resilience of live music in communities during the early stages of the COVID-19 era’, Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association, 20, pp. 1343. doi: 10.25101/20.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goulding, C., Shankar, A., and Canniford, R. 2013. ‘Learning to be tribal: facilitating the formation of consumer tribes’, European Journal of Marketing, 47, pp. 813–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, C., Bengry-Howell, A., Riley, S., Morey, Y., and Szmigin, I. 2018. ‘“We achieve the impossible”: discourses of freedom and escape at music festivals and free parties’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 18, pp. 477–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, X., Domer, N., and O'Connor, J. 2021. ‘The next normal: Chinese indie music in a post-COVID China’, Cultural Trends, 30, pp. 6374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helsinki 2020. ‘Suvilahti Summer -tapahtumasarjan asiakkaat erittäin tyytyväisiä tapahtuman turvallisuuteen ja ennakkoviestintään’ [Customers of the Suvilahti Summer event series were very satisfied with the safety and communication of the event], Helsinki, 2 September. https://www.hel.fi/uutiset/fi/kaupunginkanslia/suvilahti-summer-tapahtumasarjan-asiakkaat-erittain-tyytyvaisiaGoogle Scholar
Huta, V., and Ryan, R.M. 2010. ‘Pursuing pleasure or virtue: the differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, pp. 735–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huttunen, O. 2021. Tamperelainen hevifestivaali SaariHelvetti määräsi maskipakon – palautteen määrä räjähti heti [SaariHelvetti, the heavy metal festival in Tampere, made mask-wearing compulsory – the amount of feedback exploded immediately]. Ilta-Sanomat, 6 August. https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008175934.htmlGoogle Scholar
IASPM 2021. The Impacts of Covid-19 on the Live Music Industries: A Sample of Academic Projects Taking Place Across Europe. Online symposium, 17 March. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1093134687850265/Google Scholar
IQ 2021. ‘Yourope: “European festivals need strategy and bailout”’, IQ, 10 February. https://www.iq-mag.net/2021/02/yourope-european-festivals-strategy-bailout/Google Scholar
Jepson, A., Stadler, R., and Spencer, N. 2019. ‘Making positive family memories together and improving quality-of-life through thick sociality and bonding at local community festivals and events’, Tourism Management, 75, pp. 3450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmy 2021. ‘Hungarian music industry workers and the state during the pandemic crisis’, Blog, 2 February. https://wim.hypotheses.org/1539Google Scholar
Keyes, C.L.M. 1998. ‘Social well-being’, Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, pp. 121–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, C.L.M. 2005. ‘Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 539–48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, K.S., Mamun, M.A., Griffiths, M.D., and Ullah, I. 2020. ‘The mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across different cohorts’, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007%2Fs11469-020-00367-0Google Scholar
Kinnunen, M., and Haahti, A. 2015. ‘Visitor discourses on experiences: reasons for festival success and failure’, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 6, pp. 251–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinnunen, M., Homi, H., and Honkanen, A. 2020. ‘Social sustainability in adolescents’ music event attendance’, Sustainability, 12. doi: 10.3390/su12229419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinnunen, M., Luonila, M., and Honkanen, A. 2019. ‘Segmentation of music festival attendees’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19, pp. 278–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinnunen, M., Koivisto, J., and Honkanen, A. forthcoming. ‘Musiikkifestivaalit murrosvaiheessa’ [New developments in music festivals], in Musiikkiteollisuus [Finnish Music Industry], ed. T. Käpylä and T. Auvinen.Google Scholar
Kitchen, E., and Filep, S. 2019. ‘Rethinking the value of events for event attendees: emerging themes from psychology’, in A Research Agenda for Event Management, ed. Armbrecht, J., Lundberg, E. and Andersson, T.D. (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar), pp. 6778CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskela, M. 2020. ‘Sadat nuoret reivasivat perjantaina ilman turvavälejä ja maskeja, ja lauantaina on määrä juhlia uudestaan – Razmyar: “törkeää ja vastuutonta”’ [Hundreds of young people were having a rave without safety distances and masks, and on Saturday they will party again – Razmyar: “outrageous and irresponsible”], Yle, 17 October. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11600321Google Scholar
Kostiainen, P. 2020. ‘Festarikesä tulee sittenkin: katso lista kesällä järjestettävistä festivaaleista’ [The festival summer is here after all: Check the list of festivals organised this summer], IS, 9 July. https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006565863.htmlGoogle Scholar
Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content Analysis: an Introduction to its Methodology (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage)Google Scholar
Krueger, J., and Szanto, T. 2016. ‘Extended emotions’, Philosophy Compass, 11, pp. 863–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwok, A.O.J., and Koh, S.G.M. 2020. ‘COVID-19 and extended reality (XR)’, Current Issues in Tourism. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1798896Google Scholar
Laiho, S. 2004. ‘The psychological functions of music in adolescence’, Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13, pp. 4763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, A. 2011. ‘University students’ strong experiences of music: pleasure, engagement, and meaning’, Musicae Scientiae, 15, pp. 229–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LiveDMA 2020. ‘COVID-19 live music sector – reactions, impact & support’, LiveDMA, 12 March. https://www.live-dma.eu/covid-19-live-music-sector-reactions-impact-support/Google Scholar
LiveFIN 2020. Elävän musiikin yksityissektorin tunnuslukuja 2019 [Key figures of the private live music sector in 2019] (Helsinki: LiveFIN). https://www.livefin.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Elavan-musiikin-yksityissektorin-tunnuslukuja-2019-LiveFIN-ry.pdfGoogle Scholar
Live Nation, and TicketMaster 2020. ‘COVID-19 impact from live music fans’, Live Nation, 7 May. https://ses.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Supplemental-Fan-Survey-Data1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Maffesoli, M. 1997. The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society (London, SAGE)Google Scholar
McCloskey, B., Zumla, A., Ippolito, G., Blumberg, L., Arbon, P., Cicero, A., Endericks, T., Lim, P.L., and Borodina, M. 2020. ‘Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: A political and public health dilemma’, The Lancet, 395, pp. 1096–9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30681-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohanty, P., Hassan, A., and Ekis, E. 2020. ‘Augmented reality for relaunching tourism post-COVID-19: socially distant, virtually connected’, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. doi: 10.1108/WHATT-07-2020-0073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Music Finland 2020. ‘Musiikkialan tilannekuva 2020 päivittyy – tuet ja avustukset tasoittavat alan tulonmenetyksiä’ [2020 Finnish music industry update – subsidies and financial aid will balance revenue loss], Music Finland, 4 November. https://musicfinland.fi/fi/tutkimukset/musiikkialan-tilannekuva-2020-paeivittyy-lokakuuGoogle Scholar
Neuhofer, B., Celuch, K., and To, T.L. 2020. ‘Experience design and the dimensions of transformative festival experiences’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, pp. 2881–901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packer, J., and Ballantyne, J. 2011. ‘The impact of music festival attendance on young people's psychological and social well-being’, Psychology of Music, 39, pp. 164–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesonen, J., and Honkanen, A. 2014. ‘Using cluster analysis to segment tourists: response-style effects’, Matkailututkimus, 10, pp. 722Google Scholar
Quinn, B., and Wilks, L. 2013. ‘Festival connections: People, place and social capital’, in Exploring the Social Impacts of Events, ed. Richards, G., de Brito, M.P. and Wilks, L. (Abingdon, Routledge), pp. 1530Google Scholar
Rajamäki, T. 2020. ‘Nuorten aikuisten juhlat työllistävät nyt tartuntojen jäljittäjiä – Osa nuorista pelkää karanteenia eikä halua kertoa olleensa juhlissa’ [Young adults’ parties are now causing work for infection trackers – some young people are afraid of quarantine and do not want to admit attending parties], Helsingin Sanomat, 24 September. https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000006647107.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rihova, I., Buhalis, D., Moital, M., and Gouthro, M.-B. 2015. ‘Social constructions of value: marketing considerations for the context of event and festival visitation’, in Ideological, Social and Cultural Aspects of Events, ed. Moufakkir, O. and Pernecky, T. (Wallingford, CABI International), pp. 7485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rihova, I., Moital, M., Buhalis, D., and Gouthro, M.-B. 2019. ‘Practice-based segmentation: taxonomy of C2C co-creation practice segments’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31, pp. 3799–818CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riks 2020. ‘Skrämmande siffror: Var tredje musiker på väg att lämna yrket’ [Dreadful figures: Every third musician to leave the profession], Musikcentrum Riks, 27 August. https://www.mcv.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PM_200827_Var-tredje-musiker.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C.D. 1989. ‘Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, pp. 1069–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C.D., and Singer, B.H. 2008. ‘Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, pp. 1339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salomäenpää, M. 2020. ‘Avi joutui puuttumaan Seinäjoen Vauhtiajojen tungokseen – myös viulisti Pekka Kuusisto tuohtui menosta: “Tapahtuma-ala ampuu itseään jalkaan”’ [The Regional State Administrative Agency had to intervene in the overcrowding at Vauhtiajot in Seinäjoki – also violinist Pekka Kuusisto gets angry: “The event industry shoots itself in the foot”], Yle, 10 August. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11486878Google Scholar
Saragih, H.S., and Amelia, N. 2020. ‘Segmentation of music festival visitors by values of hedonia, life satisfaction and eudaimonia’, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 11, pp. 453–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schildt, S. 2020. ‘Kulttuuritapahtumille yli 7 miljoonaa euroa koronatukea – Tuska, Flow, Qstock ja muut festarit saavat apua’ [Cultural events to receive over 7 million euros of COVID-19 aid – Tuska, Flow, Qstock and other festivals get help], Soundi, 6 October. https://www.soundi.fi/uutiset/kulttuuritapahtumille-yli-7-miljoonaa-euroa-koronatukea-tuska-flow-qstock-ja-muut-festarit-saavat-apua/Google Scholar
Seligman, M.E. 2012. Flourish: a Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being (New York, Simon & Schuster)Google Scholar
Stassen, M. 2020. ‘Live Nation has already lost out on $7bn of revenue due to COVID-19 – and will slash costs by $900m across course of 2020’, Music Business Worldwide, 6 November. https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/live-nation-has-already-lost-out-on-7bn-of-revenue-due-to-covid-19-and-will-slash-costs-by-900m-across-course-of-2020/Google Scholar
Stefano, A. 2020. ‘Most Americans are concerned about concerts without a coronavirus vaccine, new survey finds’, Taste of Country, 29 April. https://tasteofcountry.com/no-concerts-until-a-coronavirus-vaccine-study/Google Scholar
Surplice, P. 2020. ‘What's the reality of live events after COVID-19?’ Blog, 21 September. http://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/10043/Google Scholar
Ticketing Business News 2020. ‘UK survey finds 75% of fans eager to return to concerts’, Ticketing Business News, 24 June. https://www.theticketingbusiness.com/2020/06/24/uk-survey-finds-75-fans-eager-return-concerts/Google Scholar
Tiikkaja, S. 2021. ‘Joka kymmenes taiteilija suunnittelee alanvaihtoa pandemian vuoksi – teatterin ja musiikin ammattilaisista lähes neljännes harkinnut asiaa’ [Every tenth artist plans changing profession because of the pandemic – nearly a quarter of theatre and music professionals has considered it], Helsingin Sanomat, February 2. https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007778452.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tschmuck, P. 2020. ‘The music industry in the COVID-19 pandemic – Live Nation’, Music Business Research, 16 December. https://musicbusinessresearch.wordpress.com/2020/12/16/the-live-music-industry-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-live-nation/Google Scholar
Turner, V. 2008. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure (New Brunswick, Aldine Transaction)Google Scholar
UK Music 2021. Let the music play: Save our summer (London, UK Music). https://www.ukmusic.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Save-Our-Summer-0401-002.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vandenberg, F., Berghman, M., and Schaap, J. 2020. ‘The “lonely raver”: music livestreams during COVID-19 as a hotline to collective consciousness?’, European Societies. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2020.1818271Google Scholar
Waterman, A.S. 1993. ‘Two conceptions of happiness: contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, pp. 678–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, E., and McKay, G. 2016. From Glyndebourne to Glastonbury: The Impact of British Music Festivals (Norwich, Arts and Humanities Research Council/University of East Anglia)Google Scholar
Whitby, W. 2020. ‘Playing in: the first phase of research from Bido Lito! and University of Liverpool into Covid's affects on the local music industry’, Bido Lito!, 109. https://www.bidolito.co.uk/feature-playing-in-2020/Google Scholar
Wilks, L. 2011. ‘Bridging and bonding: Social capital at music festivals’, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3, pp. 281–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, E.H., and Kinnunen, M. 2020. ‘Emotion, memory and re-collective value: shared festival experiences’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, pp. 1275–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yle 2020. ‘Live events industry stages Red Alert Day, demanding state support for Covid-hit sector’, Yle, 8 September. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/live_events_industry_stages_red_alert_day_demanding_state_support_for_covid-hit_sector/11533510Google Scholar