Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:25:04.001Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Popular cultural cringe: language as signifier of authenticity and quality in the Singaporean popular music market

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2009

YASSER MATTAR
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, 11 Arts Link, Singapore 117570, Republic of Singapore E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This article looks at the popular music industry in Singapore and argues that there exists a ‘cultural cringe’ for domestic English-language music, which is considered as inferior to English-language music from Western countries. Singaporean consumers of popular music use the English language as a signifier of authenticity and consequently quality of musicians. Local musicians are deemed ‘inauthentic’ because consumers perceive the local variant of English spoken in Singapore is inferior to other variants of English spoken in Western countries. There is thus an underlying sub-text of an inferiority complex coming out of the post-colonial experience that effectively diminishes the possibility of success as English-language musicians. Yet, such a phenomenon is not observed in the vernacular Malay and Chinese-language music industries. In the final analysis, this article suggests that modernisation and modernity for Singapore is neither completely localised nor completely imposed: there exists a negotiation in the popular cultural sphere based on historical (colonial) baggage.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, M. 1985. ‘Stardom and talent’, American Economic Review, 75, pp. 208212Google Scholar
Ang, I. 1993. ‘Dallas and the ideology of mass culture’, in The Cultural Studies Reader, ed. During, S. (London, Routledge), pp. 403420Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. 1986. ‘Introduction: Commodities and the politics of value’, in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Appadurai, A. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 7691Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. 1994. ‘Commodities and the politics of value’, in Interpreting Objects and Collections, ed. Pearce, S.M. (London, Routledge), pp. 7691Google Scholar
Armstrong, E.G. 2004. ‘Eminem's construction of authenticity’, Popular Music and Society, 27/3, pp. 335355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, E.T. 2000. ‘Can Japanese sing the blues? “Japanese jazz” and the problem of authenticity’, in Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture, ed. Craig, T.J. (Armonk, New York, M.E. Sharpe), pp 2759Google Scholar
Bennet, H.S. 1979. ‘Secondary popular culture’, Symbolic Interaction, 2/1, pp. 117125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatt, R.M. 2001. ‘World Englishes’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 30/3, pp. 527550Google Scholar
Birch, D. 1993. Singapore Media: Communication Strategies and Practices (Sydney, Longman)Google Scholar
Blaukopf, K. 1974. ‘Postscript: Towards a new type of research’, in New Patterns of Musical Behaviour of the Young Generation in Industrial Societies, ed. Bortinck, I. (Vienna, Universal Edition A.G.), pp. 231234Google Scholar
Bloomfield, T. 1993. ‘Resisting songs: Negative dialectics in pop’, Popular Music, 12/1, pp. 1331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brader, Bo. 2007. ‘UrbanKarma’http://bualgitar.multiply.com/Google Scholar
Buang, B. 2001. ‘Pop yeh yeh music in Singapore, 1963–1971’, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of History, National University of SingaporeGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, C.J. 2001. ‘The way they sing it: Englishness and pronunciation in English pop and rock’, Moderna Sprak, 95/2, pp. 161168Google Scholar
Cameron, S., and Welford, R. 1992. ‘Problems of planning cultural programs under endogenous tastes’, in Cultural Economics, ed. Towse, R. and Khakee, A. (Berlin), pp. 3136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caves, R.E. 2000. Creative Industries: Contracts Between Art and Commerce (Cambridge, Harvard University Press)Google Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency. 2006. ‘World factbook’, http://www.odci.govGoogle Scholar
Chng, H.H. 2003. ‘“You see me no up”: Is Singlish a problem?’, Language Problems and Planning, 27/1, pp. 4562Google Scholar
Chong, T. 2006. ‘Beng is cool, Singlish a signal: Ever wondered why the English-proficient are its biggest backers?’, Today Online, 20 March, http://www.today.com.sgGoogle Scholar
Chua, B.H. 1999. ‘Bodies in shopping centres: Displays, shapes and intimacies’, University of Technology Sydney Review, 5, pp. 114128Google Scholar
Cogan, B., and Cogan, G. 2006. ‘Gender and authenticity in Japanese popular music: 1980–2000’, Popular Music and Society, 29/1, pp. 6990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denzin, N.K. 1989. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall)Google Scholar
Fu, K., and Liew, K.K. 2006. ‘Conjuring the tropical specters: Heavy metal and cultural politics in Singapore and Malaysia’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7/1, pp. 99112Google Scholar
Goh, C.T. 1999. ‘National Day Rally Speech, 22 August’, http://www.sgem.org.sgGoogle Scholar
Gold, R.L. 1969. ‘Roles in sociological field observation’, in Issues in Participant Observation, ed. McCall, G.J. and Simmons, J.L. (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley), pp. 3038Google Scholar
Gupta, A.F. 1998. ‘A framework for the analysis of Singapore English’, in Language, Society and Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends, ed. Gopinathan, S. (Singapore, Times Academic Press), pp. 119132Google Scholar
[n.d.] ‘Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish)’, http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/singlish.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hauser, J.R., and Shugan, S.M. 1980. ‘Intensity measures of consumer preference’, Operations Research, 28/2, pp. 278320Google Scholar
Hebdige, D. 1988. Hiding in the Light (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Hess, M. 2005. ‘Metal faces, rap masks: Identity and resistance in hip-hop persona artist’, Popular Music and Society, 28/3, pp. 297311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jameson, F. 1991. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Jensen, J. 1998. The Nashville Sound: Authenticity, Commercialisation, and Country Music (Nashville, The Country Music Foundation Press and Vanderbilt University Press)Google Scholar
Junker, B.H. 1960. Fieldwork (Chicago, University of Chicago Press)Google Scholar
Kachru, B. 1983. The Indianization of English: English Language in India (Delhi, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Kong, L. 1995. ‘Music and cultural politics: Ideology and resistance in Singapore’, Trans. of the Institute of British Geographers, 20/4, pp. 447459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kong, L. 1996. ‘Making “music at the margins”? A social and cultural analysis of xinyao in Singapore’, Asian Studies Review, 19/2, pp. 99124Google Scholar
Kong, L. 1999. ‘The invention of heritage: Popular music in Singapore’, Asian Studies Review, 23/1, pp. 125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krims, A. 2000. Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Kuo, E.C.Y. 1978. ‘Multilingualism and mass media communication in Singapore’, Asian Survey, 18/10, pp. 1,06783CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, W.L. 2000. Amateur Musicians in Singapore's Pop Music Scene, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Sociology, the National University of SingaporeGoogle Scholar
Lai, W.Y. 1986. Modernisation of a Cultural Tradition: A Case Study of Cantonese Opera in Singapore, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Sociology, National University of SingaporeGoogle Scholar
Liew, K.K. 2003. ‘Limited Pidgin-types Patois? Policy language, technology, identity and the experience of Canto-pop in Singapore’, Popular Music, 22/2, pp. 217233Google Scholar
Lim, E.G. 1993. Musicians on the Edge: A Study of the Fringe Music Scene in Singapore, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Sociology, the National University of SingaporeGoogle Scholar
Lockard, C. 1995. ‘Hey, we equatorial people: Popular music and contemporary society in Malaysia’, in Asian Popular Culture, ed. Lent, J. (Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press), pp. 1128Google Scholar
Lockard, C. 1998. Dance of Life: Popular Music and Politics in Southeast Asia (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press)Google Scholar
Low, E.L. and Grabe, E. 1995. ‘Prosodic patterns in Singapore English’. In Proc. of the Int. Congr. of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 13–19 August, Vol 3 (Stockholm, International Congress of Phonetic Sciences), pp. 636639Google Scholar
MacDonald, G.M. 1988. ‘The economics of rising stars’, American Economic Review, 78, pp. 155166Google Scholar
MacDougall, J.A. and Chew, S.F. 1976. ‘English language competence and occupational mobility in Singapore’, Pacific Affairs, 49/2, pp. 294312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattar, Y. 2002. ‘Malay-language popular music in 1960s Singapore’, article presented at‘Living the 60s: Memory, Amnesia, Imagination’, a Public Forum jointly organised by the Singapore Heritage Society and Singapore Art Museum, Singapore, 16 MarchGoogle Scholar
Mattar, Y. 2003a. ‘Habituation and choice in the process of consumption: A case study of popular music in Singapore’, Asian Studies Review, 27/4, pp. 443462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattar, Y. 2003b. ‘Virtual communities and hip-hop music consumers in Singapore: Interplaying global, local and subcultural identities’, Leisure Studies, 22/4, pp. 283300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, K. 1996. ‘The long and winding road’, in No Finer Time to be Alive? Voices of Singapore's English Music, ed. Chen, A. and Ismahil, M. (Singapore, Simpleman Books), pp. 2338Google Scholar
Metropolis Tokyo. 1999. ‘In person: Dick Lee? Who he?’, 276, p. 8Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. (ed.) 2001. Global Noise: Rap and Hip-hop Outside the USA (Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press)Google Scholar
Moore, A. 2002. ‘Authenticity as authentication’, Popular Music, 21/2, pp. 209223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neville, W. 1996. ‘Ethnic diversity in an interventionist milieu’, in EthniCity: Geographic Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modern Cities, ed. Roseman, C.C., Laux, H.D. and Theime, G. (Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers), pp. 5667Google Scholar
NUS J-music circle. 2000. http://jmc.jca.sgGoogle Scholar
Ong, L. 2000. ‘Music industrialisation in Singapore: The impossible dream?’, Audioload, http://www.audioload.comGoogle Scholar
Peebles, G. and Wilson, P. 2002. The Singapore Economy (Singapore, Singapore University Press)Google Scholar
Phua, S.C. 1993. Contemporary Music in Singapore: Image, Environment and the Production of Meaning, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Geography, the National University of SingaporeGoogle Scholar
Phua, S.C. and Kong, L. 1996. ‘Ideology, social commentary and resistance in popular music: A case study of Singapore’, Journal of Popular Culture, 30/1, pp. 215231Google Scholar
Platt, J. and Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions (Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Quirk, R. ‘The English language in a global context’, in English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, ed. Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H.G. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 16Google Scholar
Redhead, S. and Street, J. 1989. ‘Have I the right? Legitimacy, authenticity and community in folk politics’, Popular Music, 8/2, pp. 177184Google Scholar
Rosen, S. 1981. ‘The economics of superstars’, American Economic Review, 71, pp. 845858Google Scholar
Schutz, A. 1932. The Phenomenology of the Social World (Geneva, Northwestern University Press)Google Scholar
Seah, L. 1999. ‘Tanya's Mandarin album a hit in Hong Kong and Taiwan’, The Straits Times, 25 MarchGoogle Scholar
Siddique, S. 1989. ‘Singaporean identity’, in Management of Success: the Moulding of Modern Singapore, ed.Sandhu, K.S. and Wheatley, P. (Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies)Google Scholar
Sim, C.Y. 1997. ‘Hee's No.1 in HK Cantonese chart’, The Straits Times, 10 MayGoogle Scholar
Simpson, P. 1999. ‘Language, culture and identity: With (another) look at accents in pop and rock singing’, Multilingua, 18/4, pp. 343367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srilal, M. 1999. ‘Quick quick: “Singlish” is out in re-education campaign’, Asia Times Online, 28 August, http://www.atimes.comGoogle Scholar
Statistics Singapore. 2007. http://www.singstat.gov.sgGoogle Scholar
Stigler, G.J. and Becker, G.S. 1977. ‘De gustibus non est disputandum’, American Economic Review, 67/2, pp. 7690Google Scholar
Tan, P.K.W. 2003. ‘Is that how we really talk? Speech reporting in Singaporean writing in English’, in Complicities: Connections and Divisions: Perspectives on Literatures and Cultures of the Asia-Pacific Region, ed. Sankaran, C. (Berne, Peter Lang), pp. 346356Google Scholar
Tan, P.K.W.[n.d.] ‘The non-Anglo Englishes (NEs)’, http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/NE.htmGoogle Scholar
Tan, P.K.W., Ooi, V.B.Y. and Chiang, A.K.L. 2003. ‘Pragmatic particles in computer-mediated communication: The case of Internet Relay Chat in Singapore’, in Proc. of the Second Int. Conf. on Speech, Writing and Context (Osaka, Intercultural Research Institute, Kansai Gaidai University), pp. 179184Google Scholar
Thorsby, D. 1994. ‘The production and consumption of the arts: A view of cultural economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, XXXII/I, pp. 129Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 1983. On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives (Oxford, Basil Blackwell)Google Scholar
Turnbull, C.M. 1989. A History of Singapore, 1819–1988, (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Veblen, T. 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, Mentor)Google Scholar
Warner, W.L. and Hunt, L. 1941. Social Life of a Community (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press)Google Scholar
Weintraub, A.N. 1998. ‘Jawaiian music and local cultural identity in Hawai'i’, in Sound Alliances: Indigenous Peoples, Cultural Politics and Popular Music in the Pacific, ed. Hayward, P. (London, Cassell), pp. 7887Google Scholar
Wells, A. and Lee, C.W. 1995. ‘Music culture in Singapore: Record companies, retailers, and performers’, in Asian Popular Culture, ed. Lent, J.A. (Colorado, Westview Press), pp. 2942Google Scholar
Yano, C.R. 2005. ‘Covering disclosures: Practices of intimacy, hierarchy, and authenticity in a Japanese popular music genre’, Popular Music and Society, 28/2, pp. 193205CrossRefGoogle Scholar