Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:43:22.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bioethics and Turkey: Crossroads and challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Semih Semin  and
Sahbal Aras
Semih Semin
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Ethics, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey 35340 [email protected]
Sahbal Aras
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey 35340 [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Despite extraordinary improvements in medicine, health care worldwide continues to exhibit indefensible contradictions and extreme inequalities. “Health-for-all” campaigns, and development programs targeting welfare and social security have addressed these problems with limited success, but bioethicists, who by this point in the globalization era might have been expected to be addressing these problems urgently and persistently, have had little to say. We ask if bioethics, stalled at a crossroads, is prepared to alter course. We review the bioethics experience in Turkey as a case study, considering especially globalization and Turkey's application to join the European Union.

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , March 2007 , pp. 2 - 9
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

∗

Corresponding author.

References

1.Sozen, S. and Shaw, I., “Turkey and the European Union: Modernizing a traditional state?” Social Policy & Administration, 2003, 37:108–20.Google Scholar
2.Raffaele, I. and Pacifico, S., “Welfare in the Mediterranean Countries: Republic of Turkey,” Centre for Administrative Innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean Region, 2005; http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAIMED/UNPAN018932.pdf (May 10, 2006)Google Scholar
3.Oguz, Y., “Euthanasia in Turkey: Cultural and religious perspectives,” Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 1996, 6:170–1.Google Scholar
4.Arda, B. and Pelin, S., “Bioethics in a Secular Perspective,” Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 1995, 5:95–6.Google Scholar
5.NTV, Türkiye 22. Büyük Ekonomi; http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/267135.asp (December 11, 2004).Google Scholar
6.United Nations Development Promgramme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1994; http://hdr.undp.org/reports/view_reports.cfm?type=1 (August 11, 2003).Google Scholar
7.UNDP, Human Development Report 2004; http://hdr.undp.org/reports/view_reports.cfm?type=1 (December 4, 2004).Google Scholar
8.Semin, S. and Aras, S., Temel Yönleriyle Psikiyatride Etik (Izmir: Dokuz Eylül Yayinlar, 2004).Google Scholar
9.Ergor, G. and Oztek, Z., “The development of national health policy in Turkey,” WHO Regional Publications. European Series 2000, 86:194–208.Google Scholar
10.Buken, N. O. and Buken, E., “Emerging health sector problems affecting patient rights in Turkey,” Nursing Ethics, 2004 Nov, 11(6):610–24.Google Scholar
11.Sayar, K., “Küreselleşmenin psikolojik boyutlar,” Yeni Symposium, 2001, 39(2):79–94.Google Scholar
12.Dedeoglu, N., “Health and social inequities in Turkey,” Social Science & Medicine, 1990, 31(3):387–92.Google Scholar
13.Ministry of Health, Health Statistics 1993. Publication No: 558, Ankara.Google Scholar
14.Ministry of Health, Health Statistics 2003, October 2004, Publication No: 677, Ankara.Google Scholar
15.Savaş, S., Karahan, Ö., and Saka, Ö., “Health system in transition Turkey,” European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 2002, 4(4).Google Scholar
16.DPT, “Ekonomik ve sosyal göstergeler (1950–2003)”; http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/ekonomi/gosterge/tr/ (March 19, 2004).Google Scholar
17.NTV, “Türkiye'nin 10 milyonu yoksul”; http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/276008.asp?cp1=1#BODY (June 27, 2004).Google Scholar
18.Şemin, S., Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yönleriyle İlaç (Ankara: TTB Yaynlar, 1998).Google Scholar
19.Şemin, S., Sağlk Hizmetlerinde Teknoloji (Ankara: TTB Yayinlar, 1999).Google Scholar
20.TTB, “Yeni Bin Yln Başinda Türkiye Sağlk SektörününDurumu-2002”; http://www.ttb.org.tr/tr_saglik/index.pdf (November 12, 2002).Google Scholar
21.SIPRI, “Military and Social Expenditure Comparison 2004”; http://web.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_burden.html (December 24, 2004).Google Scholar
22.Radikal, “11 Katrilyon içtik” Radikal, February 15, 2003.Google Scholar
23.Belek, I. and Belek, H., “Ülkelerin sağlkta performansn hangi etkenler belirliyor?” Toplum ve Hekim, 2002, 5:332–337.Google Scholar
24.Arslanoğlu, K., “Avrupa Birliği bize sağlk kazandiracak mi?” Tip Dünyasi, March 1, 2004.Google Scholar
25.Adaman, F., “Study on the Social Protection Systems in the 13 Applicant Countries: Turkey Country Study, January 2003”; http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/soc-prot/social/turkey_final.pdfGoogle Scholar
26.Erişen, E., “4.5 milyon için ölüyorlar,” Cumhuriyet-Pazar, July 18, 2004.Google Scholar
27.Koc, I., “Increased cesarean section rates in Turkey,” European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, March 2003, 8(1):1–10.Google Scholar
28.Konakç, S. K. and Kiliç, B., “İzmir'de sezaryen ile doğum sikliği ve buna etki eden faktörler,” Türkiye Klinikleri Jinekoloji Obstetrik, 2004, 14(2):88–95.Google Scholar
29.Behague, D. P., “Beyond the simple economics of cesarean section birthing: women's resistance to social inequality,” Culture Medicine & Psychiatry, December 2002, 26(4):473–507.Google Scholar
30.Uras, G., “Grip aşisi hem Ayşe Teyze hem de ekonomi için önemli,” Milliyet, November 28, 2004.Google Scholar
31.World Health Organization (WHO), “The World Medicines Situation, 2004. WHO/EDM/PAR/2004.5”; www.who.int/medicines/organization/par/World_Medicines_Situation.pdf (December 10, 2004).Google Scholar
32.Adaman, F., Çarkoğlu, A., and Şenatalar, A., “Hane halki gözünden Türkiye'de yolsuzluğun nedenleri ve önlenmesine ilişkin öneriler,” Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakfi (TESEV), 2001.Google Scholar
33.Çarkoğlu, A., Adaman, F., and Şenatalar, B., “Iş dünyasi gözünden Türkiye'de yozlaşma,” TESEV Aylik Bülten, March 2002; http://www.tesev.org.tr/mart02/t3.htmlGoogle Scholar
34.Akçay, A., “Bir başkadir benim memleketim,” Görüş, 2001, (46):34–40.Google Scholar
35.Türkmen, İ., “Toplam kalite yönetiminde etik (2001)”; http://www.mmo.org.tr/muhendismakina/arsiv/2001/agustos/tkyetik.htm (August 11, 2003).Google Scholar
36.Esmer, Y., “Temiz toplum: Ben hariç, evet,” Görüş, 2001, (46):42–45.Google Scholar
37.Çelik, H., “Türkiye yolsuzluklar kiskacinda”; http://www.huseyincelik.net/koseyazilari/yazilari.html (July 2, 2001).Google Scholar
38.Sönmez, M., “Yolsuzluk küresel mücadelesi de…”; http://www.bianet.org/diger/makale600.htm (February 1, 2001).Google Scholar
39.Transparency International (TI), “The corruption perceptions index 1998”; http://www.transparency.org/cpi/1998/cpi1998.html (October 7, 2003).Google Scholar
40.Transparency International (TI), “The corruption perceptions index 2004”; http://ww1.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.10.20.cpi.en.html (October 7, 2006).Google Scholar
41.Kaya, M., “Kayit dişi ekonomi ve kayit dişi istihdam”; http://turk.internet.com/haber/ (October 3, 2002).Google Scholar
42.Öğünç, F., and Yilmaz, G., “Estimating the undergraund economy in Turkey,” The Central Bank of Republic of Turkey-Research Department (Discussion Paper, September 2000); http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/research/discus/dpaper43.pdf (October 12, 2006).Google Scholar
43.Sazak, D., “Paradan kuşkuya düşersek protokolü durdurabiliriz,” Milliyet, August 22, 2004.Google Scholar
44.Transparency International, “Global Corruption Barometer. 2004”; http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.12.09.barometer_eng.html (October 7, 2006).Google Scholar
45.Hürriyet, “Sağlikta devleti soymanin 39 yolu,” Hürriyet, July 3, 2005.Google Scholar
46.Önal, G., “803 tahlille soygun,” Milliyet, March 17, 2003.Google Scholar
47.Top, B., “Paranin gölgesini kaldirin,” Radikal, April 28, 2003.Google Scholar
48.Dünyasi, Tip, “İTO'dan açiklama: Tüm sorumlular açiğa çikarilsin,” Tip Dünyasi, May 1, 2003.Google Scholar
49.Sanal, A., “‘Robin Hood’ of techno-Turkey or organ trafficking in the state of ethical beings.” Culture Medicine & Psychiatry, Sep 2004, 28(3):281–309.Google Scholar
50.Dünyasi, Tip, “Hekimler ticari ilişkiler ağinin basit bir parçasi haline getirilmeye çalişilmakta: TTB Onur Kurullari Işlevleri Toplantisi Sonuç Bildirgesi,” Tip Dünyasi, 2003, 15 Ekim, Sayi:112.Google Scholar
51.Şemin, S., “Tibbi etik üzerine,” Toplum ve Hekim, 1992, 52:29–40.Google Scholar
52.Akarca, G., “Ağir tahrik,” Hekimden Hekime 1998 Ekim-Kasim-Aralik; http://www.ato.org.tr/dergi/1998_4/cuvaldiz.html (August 11, 2003).Google Scholar
53.Dünyasi, Tip, “Hem tedavi et, hem parasini öde!” Tip Dünyasi 2000 (Sayi:64). http://www.ttb.org.tr/TD64/1.html (December 24, 2003).Google Scholar
54.Soyer, A., “Hekimlerin toplumsal ve sinifsal konumu tartişmalarina zoraki bir girizgah denemesi,” Toplum ve Hekim, 1998, 45:262–77.Google Scholar
55.Şemin, S., “1980'den günümüze sağlik alaninda değişimler,” Bülten, 1991, Özel sayi:1–34.Google Scholar
56.Dalli, M., Türkiye'de Hasta Hekim İlişkilerinde Etik Sorunlar (doktora tezi) (Izmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2000).Google Scholar
57.Özdemir, H., Salaçin, S., and Ergönen, A., “Hasta haklari yönetmeliği ve hekin duyarliliği,” Tip Etiği, 2000, 8:32–7.Google Scholar
58.Oğuz, Y, Psikiyatride Onam ve Aydinlatilmiş, Onam (doktara tezi), (Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlik Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1994).Google Scholar
59.Akici, A., Ugurlu, M. Ü, Gönüllü, N., Oktay, Ş, and Kalaça, S., “Pratisyen hekimlerin akilci ilaç kullanimi konusunda bilgi ve tutumlarinin değerlendirilmesi,” Sürekli Tip Eğitimi Dergisi, Temmuz 2002, 11(7):253–6.Google Scholar
60.Tengilimoglu, D., Kisa, A., and Dziegielewski, S. F., “What patients know about their rights in Turkey,” Journal of Health & Social Policy, 2000, 12(1):53–69.Google Scholar
61.Sayek, F., “Soru ve yanitlarla yasa taslaği ve mesleki sorumluluk sigortasina yaklaşim,” 2002; http://www.saglikhukuku.net/bilgi/a024.asp (December 22, 2003).Google Scholar
62.Aydin, E., “Bioethics regulations in Turkey,” Journal of Medical Ethics, Oct 1999, 25(5):404–7.Google Scholar
63.Tibbi Deontoloji Tüzüğü Resmi Gazete, July 19, 1960.Google Scholar
64.Yetener, M., “Yürürlükteki ve yeni deontoloji tüzüğü üzerine,” Hekimden Hekime, 1999 Ekim Kasim Aralik; http://www.ato.org.tr/dergi/1999_3/etik.html (August 11, 2003).Google Scholar
65.Arda, B., “Profesyonel hekim ya da yabancilaşma,” Görüş, 2001, 46:64–71.Google Scholar
66.Dyer, A. R., ed. Ethics and Psychiatry: Toward Professional Definition (American Psychiatric Press, 1988); http://faculty.etsu.edu/dyer/books/ethics/ch05.html (11/10/2003).Google Scholar
67.Atabek, E. and Değer, M., eds. Tibbi Deontoloji Konulari (Istanbul: Istanbul Üniversitesi Yayinlari; 2000).Google Scholar
68.Erdemir, A. D., ed. Tibbi Deontoloji ve Genel Tip Tarihi (Bursa: Güneş & Nobel Yayinlari, 1996).Google Scholar
69.Diniz, D., Guilhem, D. B., and Garrafa, V., “Biothics in Brazil,” Bioethics, July 1999, 13(3–4):244–8.Google Scholar
70.Kitabi, Kongre, Uluslarasi Katilimli 3, Ulusal Tip Etiği Kongresi (Bursa: Özhan Matbaacilik, 2003).Google Scholar
71.Babaoğlu, A. N., “Sağlik hizmetleri ve hekimliğin değişen yüzü. Hekimden Hekime 2002 kiş-ilkbahar”; http://www.ato.org.tr/dergi/2002_kis_ilkbahar/56.html (August 11, 2003).Google Scholar
72.Pellegrino, E. D., “The commodification of medical and health care: The moral consequences of a paradigm shift from a professional to a market ethic,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1999, 24(3):243–66.Google Scholar
73.Holmes, H. H., “When health means wealth, can bioethicists respond?” Health Care Analysis, 2001, 9:213–28.Google Scholar
74.Loewy, E. H., “Bioethics past, present and an open future,” Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare of Ethics, 2002, 11:388–97.Google Scholar
75.Levin, B. W. and Schiller, N. G., “Social class and medical decision making: A neglected topic in bioethics,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2002, 11:41–56.Google Scholar
76.Isaacs, S. L. and Schroeder, S. A., “Class — the ignored determinant of the nation's health,” New England Journal of Medicine, Sep 9 2004, 351(11):1137–42.Google Scholar
77.Turner, L., “Bioethics needs to rethink its agenda,” BMJ, Jan 17, 2004, 328(7432):175.Google Scholar
78.Benatar, S. R., Daar, A. S., and Singer, P., “Global health ethics: the rationale for mutual caring,” International Affairs, 2003, 79(I):107–138.Google Scholar
79.Baker, R., “Bioethics and human rights: a historical perspective,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare of Ethics, 2001, 10:241–52.Google Scholar
80.Prodanov, V., “Bioethics in Eastern Europe: A difficult birth,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare of Ethics, 2001, 10:53–61.Google Scholar
81.Berlinguer, G., “Bioethics, health, and inequality,” Lancet, Sep 2004, 18–24; 364(9439):1086–91.Google Scholar
82.Farmer, P. and Campos, N. G., “Rethinking medical ethics: a view from below,” Developing World Bioethics, May 2004, 4(1):17–41.Google Scholar
83.Navarro, V., “Health and equity in the world in the era of ‘globalization,”’ International Journal of Health Services, 1999, 29(2):215–26.Google Scholar
84.Garrafa, V. and Porto, D., “Intervention bioethics: a proposal for peripheral countries in a context of power and injustice,” Bioethics, Oct 2003, 17(5–6):399–416.Google Scholar
85.Bailey, R. “Uncommon morality. Can bioethics bring us all together?” Reasononline (April 10, 2002) http://reason.com/rb/rb041002.shtml (10.04.2006).Google Scholar