Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T13:40:04.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Vaccines for Peace: An International Program of Development and Use of Vaccines Against Dual-Threat Agents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Erhard Geissler*
Affiliation:
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany
Get access

Abstract

This article recommends establishment of an international Vaccines for Peace (VFP) program to undertake research on and production of vaccines against pathogens (and possibly toxins) that pose natural health threats and that are also putative biological (and toxin) weapons. Vaccines for Peace is designed to contribute to health care in developing countries, enhance international cooperation in biotechnology, and reduce the danger of weapons proliferation. Vaccine development would be carried out openly and would involve scientists from developing countries that are States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention, as well as personnel and facilities from the former Soviet Union. The program would thus help convert biological defense personnel and facilities to peaceful purposes. The program would be administered by the World Health Organization.

Type
Vaccines for Peace
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, W.C. IIIand King, J.M.(1983). “Vaccine and Antitoxin Availability for Defense Against Biological Threat Agents.” U.S. Army Health Care Studies Division Report No. 83-002. Fort Sam Houston: U.S. Army Health Services Command.Google Scholar
The Arms Control Reporter (1990-91). Idds 1-91. 701.B.65 (December 28, 1990); idds 2-91. 701.B.67 (January 6, 1991); idds 9-91. 701.B.77 (July 16, 1991).Google Scholar
Boyles, C.A., DeCoufle, P., and O'Brien, T.R.(1989). “Long-Term Health Consequences of Military Service in Vietnam.” Epidemiologic Reviews 11:132.Google Scholar
Burck, G.M.(1990). “Biological, Chemical, and Toxin Warfare Agents.” In Wright, S.(ed.), Preventing a Biological Arms Race. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Carus, W.S.(1991). The Poor Man's Atomic Bomb?” Biological Weapons in the Middle East. The Washington Institute Policy Papers, No. 23. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Google Scholar
Chile, Panama, Peru, , and Venezuela, (1991). “Proposals for Action by the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.” [Working Paper]. BWC/CONF.III/COW/WP.2.Google Scholar
Dasey, C.F.(1990). “Medical Benefits of the Biological Defense Research Program.” Politics and the Life Sciences 9:7784.Google Scholar
Davis, R.(1991). Letter from Richard Davis, director of Army issues, U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division, to Senator John Glenn, Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs (March 25).Google Scholar
Ezz, E.A.(1991). “Development and Production of Biological Weapons by Countries of Insufficient Technical Competence, Outside Maximum Containment Facilities, is a Universal Threat Even Without Their Actual Use.” Pugwash Meeting No. 178: 16th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Chemical Warfare, Geneva.Google Scholar
Federation of American Scientists Working Group on Biological and Toxin Weapons Verification (1990). “Proposals for the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.” Reprinted inGeissler, E.and Haynes, R. H., (eds.), Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1991. [Revised versions of the FAS proposals have been distributed and discussed at seminars. The most recent version is “Measures Under Consideration for Action at the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention, Revised” (June, 1991).]Google Scholar
Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, L., Jezek, Z., and Ladnyi, L.D.(1988). Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Freeman, P.(1989). “Vaccines for Latin America: An Innovative Regional System.” geneWATCH 6(2-3):69.Google Scholar
Gates, R.(1991). Interview with Los Angeles Times. Quoted in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin, no. 15 (March, 1992):12.Google Scholar
Gates, R.(1992). Testimony before the U.S. Senate, January 15. Quoted in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin, no. 15 (March, 1992):13.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1986). Biological and Toxin Weapons Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1989a). “‘Biological and Toxin Weapons: The Renewed Threat,’ with Comments by Stefan Noreen of the Swedish Mission to the UN,” NGO Committee on Disarmament Forum at the UN (February 2). [Transcript]New York: NGO Committee on Disarmament.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1989b). “The International Control of Biological Weapons” [Interview]. geneWATCH 6(1):14.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1990a). “New Assessments of the Potential Value of BW and TW Agents.” In Geissler, E.(ed.), Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention by Confidence-Building Measures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1990b). “Technology Trends in Selected Areas: Biotechnology.” Paper presented at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament: New Trends in Science and Technology: Implications for International Peace and Security, Sendai.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1991a). “Biological and Toxin Weapons and the Responsibility of Scientists.” In Geissler, E.and Haynes, R.H.(eds.), Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1991b). “Contribution of Confidence-Building Measures to Greater Transparency in Activities Directly Related to the Biological Weapons Convention.” In Lundin, S.J.(ed.), Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1991c). “Proposals to the Third Review Conference.” Briefing for Delegates to the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention, Council for Responsible Genetics, Geneva.Google Scholar
Geissler, E., ed. (1992). “Molecular Biotechnology and the Third Review of the Biological Weapons Convention.” In Brauch, H. G., van der Graaf, H.J., Grin, J., and Smit, W.(eds.), Controlling Military Research and Development and Exports of Dual Use Technologies as a Problem of Disarmament and Arms Control Policy in the 1990s. Amsterdam: VU University Press.Google Scholar
Geissler, E.and Haynes, R.H., eds. (1991). Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Germany (1990). “Kriegswaffenliste. II. Biologische Waffen.” In “Gesetz über die Kontrolle von Kriegswaffen,” Bundesgesetzblatt, Teil I, no. 64:25062519, 2515-2516.Google Scholar
Germany (1991). Statement by Ambassador Adolf Ritter von Wagner, Federal Republic of Germany, to the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.Google Scholar
Glenn, J.(1992). “Glenn Faults Pentagon for Misuse of Research Funds.” [News release] Washington, DC (February 11).Google Scholar
The Guardian (1991). London: (September 5). Quoted in The Arms Control Reporter, idds 9-91. 701.B.79.Google Scholar
Huxsoll, D.(1989). “Defensive Biological and Toxin Weapons Research in the United States and the Soviet Union.” Presented at the 1991 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Huxsoll, D.L., Patrick, W. C. III, and Parrott, C.D.(1987). “Veterinary Services in Biological Disasters.” Journal of the American Veterinary Association 190(6):714722.Google Scholar
Hyams, K.C., Bourgeois, A.L., Merrell, B.R., Rozmajzl, P., Escamilla, J., Thornton, S.A., Wasserman, G.M., Burke, A., Echeverria, P., Green, K.Y., Kapikian, A.Z., and Woody, J.N.(1991). “Diarrheal Disease During Operation Desert Shield.” New England Journal of Medicine 325:14231428.Google Scholar
India (1991). Statement by Ambassador Prakash Shah at the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention (September 11).Google Scholar
Israeli, E.(1986). “Biosafety in Biotechnological Processes,” Advances in Biotechnological Processes 6:130.Google Scholar
Jayaraman, K.S.(1988). “India and the United States Agree on Vaccine Programme.” Nature 332(6161):198.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.W.(1985). “Military Immunization Policy,” Information Paper, Office of The Surgeon General, U.S. Army, HQDA, (DASG-PSP-D). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Kischlat, W.D.(1976). Das Übereinkommen über das Verbot der Entwicklung, Herstellung und Lagerung bakteriologischer (biologischer) Waffen und Von Toxin-Waffen sowie über die Vernichtung solcher Waffen. Frankfurt am Main: Haag and Herchen Verlag.Google Scholar
Lehman, R.F. II(1991). “Arms Control in a Post Cold War Era.” UNIDIR Tenth Anniversary Public Lecture Series, speech by Ronald F. Lehman II, director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Geneva (September 12).Google Scholar
Merck, G.W., Adams, W.M., Anderson, G.W., Cole, H.I., Sarles, W.B., and Baker, L.A.(1945). “Summary and Estimate on Enemy Intentions and Capabilities in Biological Warfare.” Submitted to members of the U.S. Biological Warfare Committee by W.B. Sarles. Records of the Office of the U.S. Army Surgeon General. Record Group 112, National Archives, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Morse, S.S.(1992). “Epidemiologic Surveillance for Investigating Chemical or Biological Warfare and for Improving Human Health.” Politics and the Life Sciences 11:2829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nahoney, R.(1992). “Priority Vaccines.” Facsimile message to R. Waldman, WHO/EPI (March 20).Google Scholar
Nigeria, (1991). Statement by Ambassador I.C. Olisemeka to the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.Google Scholar
Peru, (1991). Statement by Ministro Consejero Felix Calderon to the Third Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.Google Scholar
Piller, C.and Yamamoto, K.R.(1988). Gene Wars. Military Control Over the New Genetic Technologies. New York: Beech Tree Books, William Morrow.Google Scholar
Poindexter, J.S.(1988). “Responsible Uses of Microorganisms and Microbiological Products.” In DeForest, P., Frankel, M.S., Poindexter, J.S., and Weil, V.(eds.), Biotechnology, Professional Issues and Social Concerns. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Ransome-Kuti, O.(1991). “Introductory Remarks.” In Children's Vaccine Initiative. Report of the First Meeting of the Consultative Group, Geneva (December 16-17). WHO CVI/91.5, 1516.Google Scholar
Roustai, M.H.(1992). “Concerns and Views of a Vaccine Producer of the Developing Countries.” Paper submitted to the Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to identify and examine potential verification measures, Geneva.Google Scholar
Sims, N.A.(1991a). “Endogenous Development of the Multilateral Treaty Regime (MTR) Rowing from the BWC: Proposals for Special Conferences and for a Continuous Central Capability.” In Geissler, E.and Haynes, R.H.(eds.), Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Sims, N.A.(1991b). “Organizational Aspects with Regard to Possible Verification Tasks Under the Biological Weapons Convention.” In Lundin, S.J.(ed.), Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strauss, H.and King, J.(1986). “The Fallacy of Defensive Biological Weapon Programmes.” In Geissler, E.(ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, D.(1992). “Development and Transfer of Vaccine Technology: Long-Term Challenges and Strategies.” Typescript.Google Scholar
Tromp, H.(1991). “After the Cold War: Conversion?” Peace and the Sciences (Vienna). (December): 13.Google Scholar
UNIDO (1990). Activity Report. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Vienna: UNIDO.Google Scholar
United Nations (1969). Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and The Effects of their Possible Use. Report of the Secretary General. New York, publication no A/7575.Google Scholar
United Nations (1972). Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. Reprinted inGeissler, E.(ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
United Nations (1986). Final Document of the Second Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, Part II, Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.II/ 13/11, (September 30).Google Scholar
United Nations (1990). “Message to the Participants at the XIIth Kuhlungsborn Colloquium from Mr. Yashushi Akashi, Under-Secretary General for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations.” In Geissler, E.and Haynes, R.H.(eds.), Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
United Nations (1991a). “Background Document on New Scientific and Technological Developments Relevant to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.” BWC/CONF.III/4 (August 26): 1833.Google Scholar
United Nations (1991b). Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, Part II, Final Declaration. BWC/CONF.III/23 (September 27).Google Scholar
United Nations (1991c). “Message of the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention Geneva, 9-27 September 1991.” [Press release] Geneva: UN Office, Information Service, DC/1744 (September 9).Google Scholar
“UNSCOM Reports on Iraqi CBW Capability” (1991). CBW News, no. 5 (October): 12.Google Scholar
U.S. Army. Medical Research and Development Command (1986). Biological Defense Research Program. Final Programatic Environmental Impact Statement. Frederick, MD (April):A4-3–A4-4.Google Scholar
U.S. Army. (1989). Biological Defense Research Program. Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Frederick, MD.Google Scholar
U.S. Army Science Board (1987). Final Report of the Ad Hoc Subgroup on Army Biological Defense Research Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Science Board, Department of the Army.Google Scholar
U.S. House (1988a). A Bill to require that all Federal research, development, testing, and evaluation of the use of biological agents in the development of defenses against biological warfare be conducted by the Director of the National Institutes of Health, and for other purposes. H.R.5241.Google Scholar
U.S. House. Committees of Foreign Affairs, Armed Services. Subcommittees on Arms Control, International Security and Science; Energy and Military Installations and Facilities (1988b). Biological Warfare Testing. Hearing before the subcommittees. (May 3).Google Scholar
U.S. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs (1990). Biological Warfare. Better Controls in DOD's Research Could Prevent Unneeded Expenditures. Report to the Chairman. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. GAO/NSIAD- 91-68.Google Scholar
U.S. Senate. (1991). Biological Warfare. Role of Salk Institute in Army's Research Program. Report to the Chairman. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. GAO/NSIAD-92-33 (December).Google Scholar
U.S. State Department (1981). “Summary of the Genetic Engineering Expert Panel.” Submitted to Assistant Secretary of State James Malone. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (May).Google Scholar
Wheelis, M.L.(1991). “The Role of Epidemiology in Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention.” In Geissler, E.and Haynes, R.H.(eds.), Prevention of a Biological and Toxin Arms Race and the Responsibility of Scientists. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Wheelis, M.L.(1992). “Strengthening Biological Weapons Control Through Global Epidemiological Surveillance.” Politics and the Life Sciences 11: [elsewhere in this issue].Google Scholar
“WHO vs. CBW. Task Force Scorpio” (1991). U.N. Special, Geneva. (November): 17.Google Scholar
Woodall, J.P.(1991). “WHO Health and Epidemic Information as a Basis for Verification Activities under the Biological Weapons Convention.” In Lundin, S.J.(ed.), Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woodall, J.P.and Geissler, E.(1990). “Information on Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases and Intoxinations.” In Geissler, E.(ed.), Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention by Confidence-Building Measures. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1970). Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Report of WHO consultants. Geneva.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1991a). EPI Update 18 (August): Rev. 1 (91/8781).Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1991b). Yellow-Fever Vaccinating Centres for International Travel. Geneva.Google Scholar
Wright, S., ed. (1990). Preventing a Biological Arms Race. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar